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Pharm Low Yield
Pharm One liners
582
Pharmacology
Professional
01/18/2013

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Aspirin
Definition
NSAID contraindicated in gout
Term
high doses
Definition
The selective agents loose their selectivity at
Term
IV and subQ
Definition
Routes of administration of heparin
Term
Malathion
Definition
Scabicide organophosphate
Term
Sedation
Definition
Common side effect of hypnotic agents
Term
Valproic acid
Definition
Anti-seizure medication also used in the prevention of migraines
Term
"dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter, hot as a hare, blind as a bat"
Definition
Another pneumonic for anticholinergic toxicity
Term
"On-off-phenomenon"
Definition
Clinical response that may fluctuate in tx of Parkinson's dx
Term
100% O2 and hyperbaric O2
Definition
Antidote used for carbon monoxide poisoning
Term
2 to 3 weeks
Definition
Usual time needed for full effect of antidepressant therapy
Term
5-7 days
Definition
Period of time of therapy after which GC therapy will need to be tapered
Term
5-flouracil (5-FU)
Definition
Pyrimidine analog that causes "Thiamine-less death" given with leucovorin rescue
Term
6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)
Definition
Analog of hypoxanthine, needs HGPRTase for activation
Term
Abciximab, tirofiban and eptifibatide
Definition
Block glycoprotein IIb/IIIa involved in platelet cross-linking
Term
Abstinence syndrome
Definition
Lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, sweating, weakness, gooseflesh, nausea, and vomiting, tremor, muscle jerks, and hyperpnea are signs of this syndrome
Term
Acarbose
Definition
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor associated with elevation of LFT's
Term
Acarbose, miglitol
Definition
Examples of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGI)
Term
Acebutolol and atenolol
Definition
These beta blockers are less lipid soluble
Term
Acetazolamide
Definition
This diuretic decreases aqueous secretion due to lack of HCO3- ion. Causes drowsiness and paresthesias, alkalinization of the urine may precipitate calcium salts, hypokalemia, acidosis
Term
Acetazolamide
Definition
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Term
Acid reflux disease, duodenal ulcer and peptic ulcer disease
Definition
Clinical use for H2 blockers
Term
Acroplus Met progutazone and metformin, Janumet and Janumet XR Sitagliptin and Metformin, Glyburide, glipizide, and rosiglitazone
Definition
Drugs available in combination with metformin
Term
Act on intestine, delay absorption of glucose
Definition
MOA of AGI's
Term
Activates acetylcholine sensitive K+ channels in SA and AV node
Definition
Adenosine's MOA
Term
Acute intermittent porphyria
Definition
Barbiturates may precipitate this hematologic condition
Term
Additive CNS depression
Definition
The most common type of drug interaction of sedative hypnotics with other depressant medications
Term
Adenosine
Definition
Anti-arrhythmic with <10 second duration of action
Term
Adenosine
Definition
DOC for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)
Term
Administration of Vit. B6 (pyridoxine)
Definition
Neurotoxicity with isoniazid (INH) prevented by
Term
Adriamycin (doxorubicin) +bleomycin, vinblastine +dacarbazine
Definition
ABVD regimen used for HD, but appears less likely to cause sterility and secondary malignancies than MOPP
Term
Affect calcium, potassium, and sodium channels
Definition
MOA for Valproic acid at high doses
Term
Affinity
Definition
Strength of interaction between drug and its receptor
Term
Agranulocytosis
Definition
Carbamazepine may cause
Term
Albuterol
Definition
Short acting Beta 2 agonists that is drug of choice in treatment of acute asthma but not recommended for prophylaxis
Term
Alcohol
Definition
Agent that is teratogen and causes a fetal syndrome
Term
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
Definition
Rate limiting step of alcohol metabolism
Term
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
Definition
Agent that metabolize acetaldehyde to acetate
Term
Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, pamidronate, tiludronate, and zoledronic acid
Definition
Available bisphosphonates
Term
Alkalinize urine, dialysis
Definition
Antidote for salicylate intoxication
Term
Alkylating agent
Definition
MOA of cisplatin
Term
Alkylating agents (eg., mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide), antibiotics (doxorubicin, daunorubicin), cisplatin, nitrosourea
Definition
Some cell cycle non-specific drugs
Term
Allopurinol
Definition
Drug used concurrently with toxic anticancer agents to reduce renal precipitation of urates
Term
Alprazolam and Clonazepam
Definition
Benzodiazepines that are the most effective in the treatment of panic disorder
Term
Alter activity of macrophages and suppress phagocytic activity of PMNs
Definition
MOA of gold salts
Term
Amantadine
Definition
Enhances dopaminergic neurotransmission SE's include CNS excitation, acute toxic psychosis and livedo reticularis
Term
Aminocaproic acid
Definition
Antidote for thrombolytics
Term
Aminoglutethimide
Definition
Inhibits conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone therefore inhibiting corticosteroid synthesis
Term
Amiodarone
Definition
Antiarrhythmic effective in most types of arrhythmia
Term
Amiodarone
Definition
Class III antiarrhythmic that exhibits properties of all 4 classes
Term
Amitriptyline
Definition
TCA used in chronic pain, a hypnotic, and has marked antimuscarinic effects
Term
Amoxapine
Definition
Antidepressant associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Term
Amphetamines
Definition
Phenylisopropylamines that are used legitimately and abused for narcolepsy, attention deficit disorder, and weight reduction
Term
Amphetamines
Definition
Tolerance is marked and abstinence syndrome occurs
Term
Amrinone and milrinone
Definition
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors that increase mortality and have been found to have NO beneficial effects
Term
Anterograde amnesia
Definition
Neurologic SE of benzodiazepines
Term
Anti-DUMBBELSS
Definition
Toxicity of anticholinergics
Term
Anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antipyretic and antiplatelet activity
Definition
Four main actions of NSAIDS
Term
Aplastic anemia and acute hepatic failure
Definition
SE for Felbamate
Term
Aplastic anemia and renal
Definition
SE of penicillamine
Term
Apraclonidine, brimonidine
Definition
Selective alpha agonists that decreases aqueous secretion
Term
Arginine
Definition
Primary endogenous substrate for Nitric Oxidase Synthase
Term
Arteries and veins
Definition
Nitroprusside vasodilates
Term
Ascending pathways
Definition
Inhibit synaptic activity of primary afferents and spinal cord pain transmission neurons
Term
Aspirin
Definition
Agent used to treat MI and to reduce incidence of subsequent MI
Term
Aspirin
Definition
Cutaneous flush due to niacin can be reduced by pretreatment with
Term
Aspirin
Definition
Irreversible, nonselective COX inhibitor
Term
Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase
Definition
Difference between aspirin and other NSAIDS
Term
Aspirin, Nitrates, CCB, and Beta blockers
Definition
Drugs used in the management of angina
Term
Asthma (bronchospastic effects), diabetes (block signs of hypoglycemia) and peripheral vascular disease
Definition
Beta-blockers should be used cautiously in
Term
Atracurium
Definition
Agent undergoing Hofmann elimination (breaking down spontaneously)
Term
Atrial fibrillation and CHF
Definition
Digoxin is used in
Term
Atropine
Definition
Treatment of muscarinic symptoms in organophosphate overdose
Term
Autocoids
Definition
Endogenous substances commonly interpreted as histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and vasoactive peptides
Term
AZT (zidovudine)
Definition
HIV med used to reduce transmission during birth
Term
Aztreonam
Definition
Lactam that can be used in PCN allergic patients
Term
B-blockers
Definition
Anti-arrhythmics that decrease mortality
Term
B-blockers
Definition
Class II antiarrhythmics are
Term
Baclofen
Definition
GABA agonist in the spinal cord
Term
Benzodiazepine receptor BZ1 (although are not considered benzodiazepines)
Definition
Site of action for zaleplon and zolpidem
Term
Benzodiazepines and calcium channel blockers
Definition
MOA utilizes ligand gated ion channels
Term
Benztropine
Definition
Agent decreases the excitatory actions of cholinergic neurons. May improve tremor and rigidity but have LITTLE effect on bradykinesia. Atropine-like side effects
Term
Beta blockers
Definition
Antidote for severe CV toxicity of theophylline
Term
Beta blockers
Definition
Clinical uses of these agents include treatment of HTN, angina, arrhythmias, and chronic CHF
Term
Beta blockers
Definition
Toxicity of these agents include bradycardia, AV blockade, exacerbation of acute CHF, signs of hypoglycemia may be masked (tachycardia, tremor, and anxiety)
Term
Beta C2001-selective blockers
Definition
B-blockers that are more cardioselective
Term
Beta-blockers such as propranolol
Definition
Block cardiac adverse effects of thyrotoxicosis such as tachycardia, inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3
Term
Beta1 agonists
Definition
These agents increase blood flow and may be beneficial in treatment of acute heart failure and some types of shock
Term
Betamethasone, dexamethasone, and paramethasone
Definition
Long acting GC's
Term
Bile acid-binding resins
Definition
Decrease intestinal absorption of cholesterol
Term
Bile acid-binding resins
Definition
Cholestyramine and colestipol are
Term
Bind ergosterol in fungal cell membrane
Definition
MOA of nystatin
Term
Bioavailability (F)
Definition
The fraction of administered dose of a drug that reaches systemic circulation
Term
Bleeding
Definition
SE of both warfarin and heparin
Term
Bleomycin, vinca alkaloids, antimetabolites (eg., 5-FU, 6-MP, methotrexate, etoposide)
Definition
Some cell cycle specific anti-cancer drugs
Term
Block cell wall synthesis by inhibiting peptidoglycan cross-linkage
Definition
MOA of penicillin
Term
Block voltage-dependent sodium channels
Definition
MOA of local anesthetics (LA's)
Term
Bone marrow and teeth discoloration for children under 8 years of age
Definition
SE of demeclocycline
Term
Bradykinin and histamine
Definition
Peptide causing increased capillary permeability and edema
Term
Bromocriptine
Definition
Ergot alkaloid that is a partial agonist at D2 receptors in the brain, used for patients who are refractory or cannot tolerate levodopa, causes erythromelalgia
Term
Buprenorphine
Definition
Partial opioid agonist, considered a strong analgesic, has a long duration of action and is resistant to naloxone reversal
Term
Buspirone
Definition
Agent that is a partial agonist for the 5-HT1A receptor
Term
Buspirone
Definition
Drug of choice for generalized anxiety disorder, NOT effective in acute anxiety
Term
Caffeine
Definition
Withdrawal from this drug causes lethargy, irritability, and headache
Term
Calcium
Definition
Used especially in postmenopausal women, dosage should be 1500 mg
Term
Calcium channel blockers
Definition
Block L-type calcium channel
Term
Calcium channel blockers
Definition
MOA of class IV antiarrhythmics
Term
Calcium channels
Definition
MOA for Ethosuximide
Term
Calcium reguators Bisphosphonates: alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, Estrogen (HRT-Hormone replacement therapy)
Definition
Used for prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women
Term
Carbamazepine
Definition
Anti-seizure agent that induces formation of liver drug-metabolism enzymes, is teratogen and can cause craniofacial anomalies and spina bifida
Term
Carbamazepine
Definition
Anti-seizure drugs used also for Trigeminal neuralgia
Term
Carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, and valproic acid
Definition
Anti-seizure drugs used as alternative drugs for mood stabilization
Term
Carbenicillin, piperacillin and ticarcillin
Definition
PCN active against pseudomonas
Term
Carbidopa
Definition
This is combined with L-dopa, inhibits DOPA decarboxylase (active only peripherally) which allows lower effective doses of L-dopa and allows for fewer SE's (GI distress, postural hypotension, and dyskinesias)
Term
Carboplatin
Definition
Agent similar to cisplatin, less nephrotoxic, but greater myelosuppression
Term
Cardiac anomalies and is contraindicated in pregnancy or lactation
Definition
Lithium is associated with this congenital defect
Term
Carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)
Definition
Nitrosoureas with high lipophilicity, used for brain tumors
Term
Cartilage damage
Definition
Reason fluoroquinolones are contraindicated in children and pregnancy
Term
Carvedilol
Definition
Agent used in CHF that is a selective alpha and nonselective beta blocker
Term
Cefixime (2nd) and 3rd generation
Definition
Cephalosporins able to cross the BBB
Term
Ceftriaxone or cefuroxime
Definition
Cephalosporin causes kernicterus in neonates
Term
Celecoxib and rofecoxib
Definition
Newer NSAIDs that selectively inhibit COX-2
Term
Celecoxib, valdecoxib, and rofecoxib
Definition
Drug that selectively inhibits COX 2
Term
Cephalosporins
Definition
Class of antibiotics that have 10% cross sensitivity with penicillins
Term
Cerebral hemorrhage
Definition
SE of tPA
Term
Chemical esophagitis
Definition
Major SE of bisphosphonates
Term
Chloramphenicol
Definition
Drug that causes gray baby syndrome and aplastic anemia
Term
Chlordiazepoxide and Diazepam
Definition
Longer acting benzodiazepines used in the management of withdrawal states of alcohol and other drugs
Term
Chlorpheniramine or cyclizine
Definition
1st generation antihistamine that is least sedating
Term
Chlorpropamide
Definition
Sulfonylurea NOT recommended for elderly because of very long half life
Term
Chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide, etc.
Definition
First generation sulfonylurea
Term
Cholinesterase inhibitors
Definition
During Phase I these agents worsen the paralysis by succinylcholine, but during phase II they reverse the blockade produced by succinylcholine
Term
Cholinesterase inhibitors
Definition
Reversal of blockade by neuromuscular blockers
Term
Cholinesterase Regenerators
Definition
Chemical antagonists that bind to the inhibitor of ACh Estrace and displace the enzyme (if aging has not occurred)
Term
Cisplatin
Definition
Toxicities include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, leading to a severe interaction with aminoglycosides
Term
Citalopram and its metabolite escitalopram
Definition
Except for these agents all SSRI have significant inhibition of CytP450 enzymes
Term
Class IC (flecainide, propafenone, moricizine)
Definition
Class of anti-arrhythmics that has a pro-arrhythmic effect (CAST trial), therefore are used as last line agents
Term
Classic
Definition
Beta blockers are used for which type of anginal attack
Term
Clearance (CL)
Definition
The ratio of the rate of elimination of a drug to its plasma concentration
Term
Clindamycin
Definition
Drug notorious for causing pseudomembranous colitis
Term
Clomiphene and tamoxifen
Definition
Antiestrogen drugs used for fertility and breast cancer respectively
Term
Clomipramine
Definition
TCA used in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), most significant of TCA's for risk of seizure, weight gain, and neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms
Term
Clomipramine, fluoxetine and fluvoxamine
Definition
Example of three antidepressants that are indicated for obsessive compulsive disorder
Term
Clonazepam
Definition
Benzodiazepine that has efficacy against absence seizures and in anxiety states, such as agoraphobia
Term
Clonidine, and methyldopa
Definition
Presynaptic Alpha 2 agonist used in HTN
Term
Clopidogrel and ticlopidine
Definition
Effective in preventing TIA's
Term
CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil) and tamoxifen if ER+
Definition
Regimen used for breast cancer
Term
CNS depressants
Definition
Additive effects when Sedative-Hypnotics used in combination with these agents
Term
CNS toxicity
Definition
Most important toxic effects of most local anesthetics
Term
Cocaine
Definition
Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictive property, favored for head, neck, and pharyngeal surgery
Term
Cocaine
Definition
Commonly abused LA which has cardiovascular toxicity including severe hypertension with cerebral hemorrhage, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction
Term
Cocaine "super-speed"
Definition
Overdoses of this agent with powerful vasoconstrictive action may result in fatalities from arrhythmias, seizures, respiratory depression, or severe HTN (MI and stroke)
Term
Cocaine and benzocaine
Definition
These LA's have surface activity
Term
Coma, Convulsions, Cardiac problems (arrhythmias and wide QRS)
Definition
Three C's associated with TCA toxicity
Term
Combination oral contraceptives (OC)
Definition
Constant low dose of estrogen and increasing dose of progestin for 21 days (last 5 days are sugar pills or iron prep)
Term
Competitive antagonist
Definition
Ability to bind reversibly to the same site as the drug and without activating the effector system
Term
COP (cyclophosphamide, oncovin(vincristine), and prednisone)
Definition
Regimen used for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Term
Corticosteroids
Definition
Drugs that can be used for infantile spasms
Term
Cortisone and hydrocortisone (equivalent to cortisol)
Definition
Short acting GC's
Term
COX 1 is found throughout
the body and COX 2 is only
in inflammatory tissue
Definition
Difference between COX 1 and COX 2
Term
Cp
Definition
Plasma concentration of a drug at a given time
Term
Cyanide toxicity treated with sodium thiosulfate
Definition
Toxicity caused by nitroprusside and treatment
Term
Cyclobenzaprine
Definition
Agent used for acute muscle spasm
Term
Cyclophosphamide
Definition
Anticancer drug also used in RA, produces acrolein in urine that leads to hemorrhagic cystitis
Term
Cyproheptadine
Definition
H1 blocker that is also a serotonin antagonist
Term
Cyproterone acetate
Definition
Anti-androgen used for hirsutism in females
Term
Cytomel
Definition
T3 compound less widely used
Term
Dapsone
Definition
Drug of choice for leprosy
Term
Decrease arterial blood pressure
Definition
Most inhaled anesthetics SE
Term
Decreases hepatic glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption; increase insulin sensitivity
Definition
MOA of metformin
Term
Decreases protein synthesis by inhibiting 30S ribosome
Definition
MOA of tetracycline
Term
Deferoxamine
Definition
Antidote used for iron salt toxicity
Term
Deferoxamine
Definition
Chelating agent used in acute iron toxicity
Term
Delavirdine, efavirenz, and ribavirin
Definition
Antivirals that are teratogens
Term
Demeclocycline
Definition
Used for SIADH
Term
Depression of medullary and cardiovascular centers
Definition
Common mechanism by which overdose result in death
Term
Dermatitis of the mouth aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis
Definition
SE of gold salts
Term
Desflurane
Definition
Pungent inhaled anesthetic which leads to high incidence of coughing and vasospasm
Term
Dextroamphetamines and methamphetamine
Definition
Amphetamine agents
Term
Dextromethorphan, Codeine
Definition
These agents are used as antitussive
Term
Diazepam
Definition
Benzodiazepine with useful relaxant effects in skeletal muscle spasticity of central origin
Term
Diazepam
Definition
DOC for status epilepticus
Term
Diazepam
Definition
Facilitates GABA presynaptic inhibition
Term
Diazepam, Flurazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and clorazepate
Definition
Agents having active metabolites, long half lives, and a high incidence of adverse effects
Term
Diclofenac
Definition
NSAID also available as an ophthalmic preparation
Term
Dicyclomine, methscopolamine
Definition
Reduce transient hyper GI motility
Term
Didanosine
Definition
Anti-viral with a dose limiting toxicity of pancreatitis
Term
Digibind
Definition
Antidote for digoxin toxicity
Term
Digibind (also need to d/c digoxin, normalize K+, and lidocaine if pt. Is arrhythmic)
Definition
Antidote used for digitalis toxicity
Term
Digoxin
Definition
Drug used supraventricular arrhythmias
Term
Dimenhydrinate, meclizine, and other 1st generation
Definition
H1 antagonist used in motion sickness
Term
Dimercaprol
Definition
Antidote for arsenic, mercury, and gold poisoning
Term
Dimercaprol + CaEDTA (edetate calcium disodium)
Definition
Antidote for severe lead poisoning
Term
Dimercaprol, EDTA
Definition
Antidote used for lead poisoning
Term
Diphenoxylate, Loperamide
Definition
These agents are used as antidiarrheal
Term
Dipyridamole
Definition
Prevents thrombosis in patients with artificial heart valve
Term
Disulfiram
Definition
Agent used in the treatment of alcoholism, if alcohol is consumed concurrently, acetaldehyde builds up and results in nausea, headache, flushing, and hypotension
Term
Disulfiram-like reaction
Definition
Metronidazole SE if given with alcohol
Term
Disulfiram, metronidazole, certain sulfonylureas and cephalosporins
Definition
Agents that inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase
Term
Dobutamine and dopamine
Definition
Beta 1 agonists used in acute CHF
Term
Dolasetron
Definition
5ht-3 antagonist that has been MOST associated with QRS and QTc prolongation and should not be used in patients with heart disease
Term
DOM, STP, MDA, and MDMA "ecstasy"
Definition
These agents are congeners of Amphetamine
Term
Doxepin
Definition
TCA with greatest sedation of this group, and marked antimuscarinic effects, used for sleep
Term
Echothiophate
Definition
Antiglaucoma organophosphate
Term
ED50
Definition
Median effective dose required for an effect in 50% of the population
Term
Edema, mild anemia; interaction with drugs that undergo CytP450 3A4 metabolism; if used over one year, bladder Cancer; with CHF, may cause new or worsening CHF
Definition
SE of Thiazolindinediones
Term
Edrophonium
Definition
Indirect-Acting ACh Agonist, alcohol, short DOA and used in diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
Term
Elderly patients
Definition
Population group especially sensitive to side effects of antidepressants
Term
Enflurane and halothane
Definition
Inhaled anesthetics are myocardial depressants
Term
Entacapone and Tolcapone
Definition
Inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), used as adjuncts in Parkinson's dx and cause acute hepatic failure (monitor LFT's)
Term
Ephedrine
Definition
Long acting sympathomimetic, sometimes used to improve urinary continence in children and elderly with enuresis
Term
Epinephrine, dipivefrin
Definition
Nonselective alpha agonists that increases outflow, probably via the uveoscleral veins
Term
Erythromycin
Definition
DOC for Legionnaires' disease
Term
Esmolol
Definition
Antidote used for beta agonist toxicity (eg. Metaproterenol)
Term
Esmolol
Definition
This parenteral beta blocker is a short acting
Term
Esmolol
Definition
Used intravenously for acute arrhythmias during surgery
Term
Estrogen
Definition
Slightly increased risk of breast cancer, endometrial cancer, heart disease (questionable), has beneficial effects on bone loss
Term
Ethanol
Definition
Agent that competes for alcohol dehydrogenase in the case of methanol overdose
Term
Ethanol
Definition
Agent with zero-order kinetics
Term
Ethanol
Definition
Antidote used for methanol and ethylene glycol
Term
Ethinyl estradiol and mestranol
Definition
Estrogen mostly used in oral contraceptives (OC)
Term
Etidronate
Definition
Bisphosphonates that cannot be used on continuous basis because it caused osteomalacia
Term
Excessive CNS stimulation (seizures)
Definition
The most important sign of withdrawal syndrome
Term
Ezetimibe (Zetia)
Definition
Class of drugs that works by inhibiting absorption of intestinal cholesterol and can be given concurrently with the Statins
Term
Ferrous sulfate
Definition
Agent to treat hypochromic microcytic anemias
Term
Finasteride (Proscar and Propecia respectively)
Definition
5 alpha-reductase inhibitor used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and male pattern baldness
Term
First generation due to being more lipid-soluble
Definition
Generation of antihistamine that has the most CNS effects
Term
First order kinetics
Definition
Constant percentage of substrate metabolized per unit time
Term
First pass effect
Definition
The elimination of drug that occurs before it reaches the systemic circulation
Term
Flatulence (do not use beano to tx), diarrhea, abdominal cramps
Definition
SE of AGI's
Term
Fludrocortisone and deoxycorticosterone
Definition
Mineralocorticoids
Term
Fluorocarbons and Industrial solvents
Definition
Toxic to the liver, kidney, lungs, bone marrow, peripheral nerves, and cause brain damage in animals, sudden death has occurred following inhalation
Term
Fluoxetine
Definition
SSRI with long T1/2 and can be administered once weekly for maintenance, not acute tx
Term
Fluoxetine
Definition
SSRI's less likely to cause a withdrawal syndrome
Term
Fluoxetine (Sarafem)
Definition
SSRI indicated for premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Term
Fluphenazine and haloperidol
Definition
Anti-psychotics available in depot preparation
Term
Flutamide (Eulexin)
Definition
Anti-androgen used for prostate cancer
Term
Fomepizole
Definition
Drug that inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase and is used in ethylene glycol exposure
Term
Full agonist
Definition
Ability of a drug to produce 100% of the maximum response regardless of the potency
Term
G-CSF (filgrastim) and GM-CSF (sargramostim)
Definition
Agent used neutropenia especially after chemotherapy
Term
GABA-related targets
Definition
MOA for benzodiazepines and barbiturates
Term
Ganciclovir
Definition
DOC for CMV retinitis
Term
Ganciclovir, zidovudine, saquinavir, and interferon
Definition
Antivirals associated with neutropenia
Term
Ganirelix
Definition
GnRH antagonist with more immediate effects, used for infertility
Term
Gastric ulcers and GI Bleeding
Definition
COX 2 inhibitors may have reduced risk of
Term
GFR
Definition
Pneumonic for 3 zones of adrenal cortex
Term
Gingival hyperplasia
Definition
SE of phenytoin
Term
Glargine (Lantus)
Definition
Ultra long acting insulin, has over a day duration of action
Term
Glaucoma
Definition
Epinephrine and dipivefrin are used for
Term
Glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids), fasciculata (glucocorticoid=GC), and reticularis (adrenal androgens)
Definition
3 zones of adrenal cortex and their products
Term
Glucagon
Definition
Antidote for beta-blockers and hypoglycemia
Term
Glucagon
Definition
Hyperglycemic agent that increases cAMP and results in glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, reverses hypoglycemia, also used to reverse severe beta-blocker overdose and smooth muscle relaxation
Term
Glucocorticoids
Definition
Used for Addison's disease, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), inflammation, allergies, and asthma (as a local inhalation)
Term
Glucuronate, acetic acid, and glutathione sulfate
Definition
Products of Phase II conjugation
Term
GLUT 2
Definition
Important in synthesis of glucose to glycogen in the liver
Term
GLUT 4
Definition
Important in muscle and adipose tissue for glucose transport across muscles and TG storage by lipoprotein lipase activation
Term
Glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, etc.
Definition
Second generation sulfonylurea
Term
Gynecomastia
Definition
SE seen only in men with administration of ketoconazole
Term
Hallucinations resembling psychosis
Definition
SE of ergot alkaloids
Term
Haloperidol
Definition
Agent more frequently associated with extrapyramidal side effects that can be treated with benzodiazepine, diphenhydramine or muscarinic blocker
Term
Haloperidol
Definition
Antipsychotic having the weakest autonomic effects
Term
Haloperidol or pimozide
Definition
Agents used in Tourette's dx
Term
Halothane
Definition
Inhaled anesthetic that may sensitize the myocardium to arrhythmogenic effects of catecholamines and has produced hepatitis
Term
Halothane and methoxyflurane
Definition
Inhaled anesthetics metabolized by liver enzymes which has a major role in the toxicity of these agents
Term
Heparin
Definition
Anticoagulant of choice in pregnancy
Term
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
Definition
SE of heparin
Term
Hepatic
Definition
Main route of metabolism for benzodiazepines
Term
Hepatic enzymes
Definition
Most frequent route of metabolism
Term
Hepatic toxicity
Definition
Reason troglitazone was withdrawn from market
Term
Hepatotoxicity
Definition
SE of acetaminophen
Term
Heroin, morphine, oxycodone, meperidine and fentanyl
Definition
Most commonly abused in health care professionals
Term
Hexamethonium
Definition
Prototype ganglion blocker
Term
High therapeutic index
Definition
Drug with a high margin of safety
Term
Hot flashes
Definition
Common SE of tamoxifen and raloxifene
Term
Hydralazine
Definition
Direct vasodilator of arteriolar smooth muscle
Term
Hydration and mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNA)
Definition
Prevention of cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis
Term
Hydroxychloroquine
Definition
Interferes with activity of T-lymphocytes
Term
Hydroxychloroquine
Definition
Anti-malarial drug used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Term
hydroxyzine (Atarax)
Definition
Antihistamine that can be used for anxiety and insomnia and is not addictive
Term
Hypercalcemia
Definition
This may antagonize activity of local anesthetics
Term
Hyperkalemia
Definition
This may enhance activity of local anesthetics
Term
Hypertensive crisis
Definition
Condition will result from in combination of MAOI with tyramine containing foods (ex. wine, cheese, and pickled meats)
Term
Hypertrichosis
Definition
SE of minoxidil
Term
Hypoglycemia
Definition
Common SE of sulfonylureas, repaglinide, and nateglinide
Term
Hypoglycemia
Definition
Major SE of insulin
Term
Hypokalemia
Definition
Digoxin toxicity can be precipitated by
Term
Impair absorption of fat soluble vitamin absorption (A,D,E,K)
Definition
Major nutritional side effect of bile acid-binding resins
Term
Increase the DURATION of GABA-mediated chloride ion channels
Definition
Barbiturates MOA
Term
increase the FREQUENCY of GABA-mediated chloride ion channel opening
Definition
MOA for benzodiazepines
Term
Increases concentration of Digoxin
Definition
Major drug interaction with Quinidine
Term
Increasing afterload and tissue perfusion declines
Definition
Shock due to septicemia or myocardial infarction is made worse by
Term
Indirectly increase intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility by inhibit Na+/K+ ATPase
Definition
MOA of Cardiac glycosides (eg. digoxin)
Term
Infants
Definition
Atropine fever is the most dangerous effect and can be lethal in this population group
Term
Infants, closed angle glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy
Definition
Contraindications to use of atropine
Term
Infliximab and etanercept
Definition
Proteins that prevent action of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
Term
Inhaled anesthetics, especially isoflurane, aminoglycosides, and antiarrhythmic
Definition
These drugs strongly potentiate and prolong effect of neuromuscular blockade (NMB)
Term
Inhibit Na+/Cl- cotransport
Definition
MOA of thiazide diuretics
Term
inhibit phospholipase A2
Definition
MOA of corticosteroids
Term
inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase (cox)
Definition
MOA of NSAIDS
Term
Inhibiting Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase which leads to decreased pyrimidine synthesis
Definition
MOA of Leflunomide (newer agent)
Term
Inhibition of protein synthesis at the 50s subunit of ribosome
Definition
MOA of erythromycin
Term
inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport
Definition
MOA of loop diuretics
Term
Inhibits osteoclast bone resorption
Definition
MOA of Bisphosphonates
Term
Insulin release from pancreas by modifying K+ channels
Definition
MOA of both generations
Term
Insulin release from pancreas; faster and shorter acting than sulfonylurea
Definition
MOA of repaglinide
Term
Interferon alpha
Definition
Used for hairy cell leukemia; it stimulates NK cells
Term
Interleukin 11 (oprelvekin)
Definition
Treatment of patients with prior episodes of thrombocytopenia after a cycle of cancer chemotherapy
Term
Iodide salts
Definition
Can be effective for short term therapy of thyroid storm, but after several weeks of therapy causes an exacerbation of hyperthyroidism
Term
Ipodate
Definition
Radio contrast media that inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3
Term
Irreversibly blocking cyclooxygenase
Definition
MOA of aspirin
Term
Islets of Langerhans
Definition
Beta cells are found
Term
Isoflurane
Definition
Inhaled anesthetic causes peripheral vasodilation
Term
IV administration
Definition
This route is associated with rapid tolerance and psychologic dependence
Term
IV diazepam (or lorazapam) followed by phenytoin
Definition
Drugs of choice for status epilepticus
Term
Ketamine
Definition
This produces "dissociative anesthesia", is a cardiovascular stimulant which may increases intracranial pressure, and hallucinations occur during recovery
Term
Ketanserin, cyproheptadine, and ergot alkaloids (partial agonist of alpha and serotonin receptors)
Definition
5HT2 antagonist mediate synaptic excitation in the CNS and smooth muscle contraction
Term
Ketoconazole
Definition
Antifungal agent used for inhibition of all gonadal and adrenal steroids
Term
Ketoralac
Definition
NSAID available orally, IM and ophthalmically
Term
Ketoralac
Definition
NSAID that is used for acute condition, such as pre-op anesthesia and has limited duration (<5 days) of use due to nephrotoxicity
Term
Kidney and liver toxicity
Definition
SE of colchicine
Term
L-asparaginase
Definition
Converts asparagine to aspartate and ammonia, denies cancer cells of essential AA (asparagine)
Term
L-dopa
Definition
Agent used in drug therapy of Parkinson's instead of Dopamine which has low bioavailability and does not cross the BBB
Term
Labetalol and carvedilol
Definition
Combined alpha and beta blocking agents that may have application in treatment of CHF
Term
Lactic acidosis
Definition
Most important potential SE of metformin
Term
LD50
Definition
Dose which is lethal to 50% of the population
Term
Lepirudin
Definition
Alternative anticoagulant used if HIT develops
Term
Leucovorin
Definition
Antidote for methotrexate toxicity
Term
Leuprolide
Definition
GnRH agonist used for infertility or different types of CA depending on pulsatile or steady usage respectively
Term
Levodopa
Definition
Anti-Parkinson's drug which increases intraocular pressure and is contraindicated in closed angle glaucoma
Term
Lispro (Humalog)/Apidra (glulisine)
Definition
Very rapid acting insulin, having fastest onset and shortest duration of action
Term
Liver enzyme INDUCTION
Definition
Barbiturates decrease the effectiveness of many other drugs via this pharmacokinetics property
Term
Liver toxicity
Definition
Major SE of zileuton
Term
Liver toxicity, increased serum cholesterol
Definition
SE of mirtazapine
Term
Loading dose (Cp*(Vd/F))
Definition
Target plasma concentration times (volume of distribution divided by bioavailability)
Term
Log-kill hypothesis
Definition
Constant proportion of cell population killed rather than a constant number
Term
Long acting cholinesterase inhibitors
Definition
Associated with an increased incidence of cataracts in patients treated for glaucoma
Term
Long-acting sedative-hypnotic or a gradual reduction of dose, clonidine or propranolol
Definition
Treatment of withdrawal syndrome involves
Term
Lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam
Definition
Benzodiazepine that undergo extrahepatic conjugation (which are useful in older or hepatically impaired)
Term
Low potency and risperidone
Definition
Orthostatic hypotension and QT prolongation
Term
Low therapeutic index
Definition
Drug with a narrow margin of safety
Term
Low-potency typical antipsychotics and clozapine
Definition
Reduced seizure threshold
Term
Magnesium sulfate
Definition
Agent to treat torsades de pointes
Term
Magnesium sulfate
Definition
Antidote useful for some drug induced Torsade de pointes
Term
Maintenance dose (Cp*(CL/F))
Definition
Concentration in the plasma times (clearance divided by bioavailability)
Term
Maprotiline
Definition
Antidepressant associated with seizures and cardiotoxicity
Term
May displace coumadin from plasma proteins
Definition
Important drug interaction with chloral hydrate
Term
Mechlorethamine
Definition
Alkylating agent, vesicant that causes tissue damage with extravasation
Term
Mechlorethamine+ oncovorin (vincristine)+ procarbazine, and prednisone
Definition
MOPP regimen used in Hodgkin's disease (HD)
Term
Meperidine
Definition
All opioids except this agent (which has a muscarinic blocking action) cause pupillary constriction
Term
Meperidine
Definition
Use of this opioid with MAOI can lead to hyperpyrexic coma, and with SSRI's can lead to serotonin syndrome
Term
Metformin
Definition
Biguanide
Term
Methadone, followed by slow dose reduction
Definition
Treatment for opioid addiction
Term
Methicillin, nafcillin, and dicloxacillin
Definition
Penicillins active against penicillinase secreting bacteria
Term
Methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU)
Definition
Thioamide agents used in hyperthyroidism
Term
Methotrexate
Definition
Causes bone marrow suppression
Term
Methoxyflurane
Definition
Fluoride released by metabolism of this inhaled anesthetic may cause renal insufficiency
Term
Metrifonate
Definition
Organophosphate anthelmintic agent with long DOA
Term
Metyrapone
Definition
Used for Cushing's syndrome (increased corticosteroid) and sometimes for adrenal function test
Term
Midazolam
Definition
Benzodiazepine that is used for anesthesia
Term
Midazolam
Definition
Benzodiazepine used adjunctively in anesthesia
Term
Midodrine
Definition
Chronic orthostatic hypotension can be treated with
Term
Mifepristone
Definition
Antiprogestin used as potent antagonist of GC receptor
Term
Mifepristone (RU-486)
Definition
Anti-progesterone used as abortifacient
Term
Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC)
Definition
Inversely related to potency of anesthetics
Term
Minocycline
Definition
Oral antibiotic of choice for moderate inflammatory acne
Term
Minoxidil
Definition
Arterial vasodilator that works by opening K+ channels
Term
Mirtazapine
Definition
Antidepressant with MOA as alpha 2 antagonist, has effects on both 5-HT and NE, blocks histamine receptors, and is sedating
Term
Mivacurium
Definition
Non-depolarizing antagonist has short duration
Term
Monamine oxidase inhibitors
Definition
Most useful in patients with significant anxiety, phobic features, hypochondriasis, and resistant depression
Term
Morphine and fentanyl
Definition
Opioids used in anesthesia
Term
Morphine, methadone, meperidine, and fentanyl
Definition
Strong opioid agonists
Term
Mostly in the brain, and they mediate synaptic inhibition via increased K+ conductance
Definition
Receptors for serotonin (5HT-1) are located
Term
Muscarinic blockers
Definition
Agents may exacerbate tardive dyskinesias (may be irreversible and there is no treatment)
Term
Myelosuppression
Definition
SE for ganciclovir
Term
Nadolol
Definition
This beta blocker is the longest acting
Term
Nandrolone and stanozolol
Definition
Anabolic steroid that has potential for abuse
Term
Nausea
Definition
Most common SE of fibrates
Term
Nefazodone
Definition
Antidepressant which is inhibitor of CYP450 enzymes and may be associated with hepatic failure
Term
Neostigmine
Definition
Carbamate with intermediate action postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention
Term
Nephro and ototoxicity
Definition
Common toxicities of cisplatin
Term
nephro and ototoxicity
Definition
Two toxicities of aminoglycosides
Term
Nephrotoxicity
Definition
Toxicity of amphotericin
Term
Nesiritide (Natrecor)
Definition
Agent used in acutely decompensated CHF resembling natriuretic peptide
Term
Neuroleptanesthesia
Definition
State of analgesia and amnesia produced when fentanyl is used with droperidol and nitrous oxide
Term
Neuromuscular blocking drugs
Definition
Structurally related to acetylcholine, used to produce muscle paralysis in order to facilitate surgery or artifical ventilation. Full doses lead to respiratory paralysis and require ventilation
Term
Neutropenia and agranulocytosis
Definition
SE for ticlopidine
Term
Nevirapine, amprenavir
Definition
Anti-viral agents associated with Stephen Johnson syndrome
Term
Nicotine
Definition
W/D from this drug causes anxiety and mental discomfort
Term
Nifedipine
Definition
CCB with predominate effect on arteriole dilation
Term
Nifurtimox
Definition
Drug used in Chagas disease
Term
Nitrites
Definition
Antidote used for cyanide poisoning
Term
Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets
Definition
Nitrate used for acute anginal attacks
Term
Nitroprusside
Definition
IV Drug used Hypertensive Crisis
Term
Nitroprusside
Definition
Drug used in ergot alkaloids overdose, ischemia and gangrene
Term
Nitrous oxide
Definition
Prolonged exposure to this inhaled anesthetic may lead to megaloblastic anemia
Term
Nitrous oxide
Definition
Inhaled anesthetic with a low blood/gas partition coefficient
Term
Nitrous oxide
Definition
Inhaled anesthetics, less likely to lower blood pressure than other agents, and has the smallest effect on respiration
Term
NO, chloroform, and diethyl ether
Definition
Inhalant anesthetics
Term
Noncompetitive antagonist
Definition
Ability to bind to either the same or different site as the drug
Term
Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers
Definition
Tubocurarine is the prototype, pancuronium, atracurium, vecuronium are newer short acting agent, produce competitive block at end plate nicotinic receptor, causing flaccid paralysis
Term
Nondepolarizing type antagonists
Definition
These prevent the action of Ach at the skeletal muscle endplate to produce a "surmountable blockade," effect is reversed by cholinesterase inhibitors (ex. neostigmine or pyridostigmine)
Term
Nonselective Muscarinic Antagonists
Definition
Prototypical drug is atropine
Term
Norepinephrine and serotonin
Definition
Neurotransmitters affected by the action of antidepressants
Term
Normal C-peptide
Definition
Endogenous insulin
Term
Nortriptyline, Desipramine
Definition
Secondary amines that have less sedation and more excitation effect
Term
NSAIDS
Definition
Class of drugs that reversibly inhibit COX
Term
Octreotide
Definition
Somatostatin (SRIF) analog used for acromegaly, carcinoid, glucagonoma and other GH producing pituitary tumors
Term
Olanzapine
Definition
Newer atypical antipsychotic used for bipolar disorder, known to cause weight gain, and adversely affect diabetes
Term
Olanzapine and aripiprazole
Definition
Newer atypical antipsychotics that also improve some of the negative symptoms and help acute agitation
Term
Older antipsychotic agents, D2 receptors
Definition
Extrapyramidal dysfunction is more common with these agents, which block this subtype of dopamine receptor
Term
Older antipsychotics
Definition
Antipsychotics that reduce positive symptoms only
Term
Opioid Analgesics
Definition
SE of these drugs include dependence, withdrawal syndrome, sedation, euphoria, respiratory depression nausea and vomiting, constipation, biliary spasm, increased ureteral and bladder tone, and reduction in uterine tone
Term
Oral
Definition
Route of administration of warfarin
Term
Oral and transdermal forms of nitroglycerin
Definition
Nitrate used to prevent further attacks
Term
ORAL vancomycin
Definition
Treatment of resistant pseudomembranous colitis
Term
Organic nitrites
Definition
Cause dizziness, tachycardia, hypotension, and flushing
Term
Ortho-Evra
Definition
Oral contraceptive available in a transdermal patch
Term
Osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and osteolytic bone lesions, and hypercalcemia from malignancy
Definition
Uses of bisphosphonates
Term
Ototoxicity
Definition
Aminoglycosides used with loop diuretics potentiate adverse effect
Term
Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis
Definition
Different steps of Phase I
Term
Oxybutynin, dicyclomine
Definition
Cystitis, postoperative bladder spasms, or incontinence
Term
Pancuronium
Definition
Agent can blocking muscarinic receptors
Term
Panic attacks, social phobias, bulimia nervosa, and PMDD premenstrual dysphoric disorder), OCD
Definition
Some of SSRIs' therapeutic effects beside depression
Term
Parathion
Definition
The most toxic organophosphate
Term
Partial agonist
Definition
Ability to produce less than 100% of the response
Term
PCP
Definition
Most dangerous of the currently popular hallucinogenic drugs, OD leads to nystagmus, marked hypertension, and seizures, presence of both horizontal and vertical nystagmus is pathognomonic
Term
Penicillamine
Definition
Antidote used in Wilson's disease (copper poisoning)
Term
Penicillamine
Definition
Chelating agent used in Wilson's disease
Term
Pentoxifylline
Definition
Methylxanthine derivative used as a remedy for intermittent claudication
Term
Peripheral neuritis and hepatitis
Definition
SE of INH
Term
PGI2 (epoprostenol)
Definition
Approved for use in severe pulmonary HTN
Term
Phenobarbital
Definition
DOC for febrile seizures
Term
Phenoxybenzamine
Definition
Non-selective Alpha1blockers use to treat pheochromocytoma
Term
Phenoxybenzamine
Definition
Nonselective alpha-blocking drug, long acting and irreversible, and used to treat pheochromocytoma. Blocks 5-HT, so occasionaly used for carcinoid tumor. Blocks H1 and used in mastocytosis
Term
Phentolamine
Definition
For rebound HTN from rapid clonidine withdrawal
Term
Phentolamine
Definition
Nonselective alpha-blocking drug, short acting and reversible, used for rebound HTN from rapid clonidine withdrawal, and Raynaud's phenomena
Term
Phenylephrine
Definition
Alpha agonist used to produce mydriasis and reduce conjunctival itching and congestion caused by irritation or allergy, it does not cause cycloplegia
Term
Phenytoin
Definition
DOC for digoxin induced arrhythmias
Term
Phenytoin
Definition
Anti-seizure agent that exhibits non-linear metabolism, highly protein bound, causes fetal hydantoin syndrome, and stimulates hepatic metabolism
Term
Phosphodiesterase
Definition
Enzyme which theophylline inhibits
Term
Physostigmine
Definition
Antidote used for anticholinergic poisoning
Term
Physostigmine
Definition
Treatment of atropine overdose and glaucoma (because lipid soluable). Enters the CNS rapidly and has a stimulant effect, which may lead to convulsions
Term
Pilocarpine
Definition
Only direct acting agent that is very lipid soluble and used in glaucoma
Term
Pilocarpine or Cevimeline
Definition
These agents are used to treat dry mouth in Sjögren's syndrome
Term
Pilocarpine, carbachol, physostigmine
Definition
Cholinomimetics that increase outflow, open trabecular meshwork, and cause ciliary muscle contraction
Term
Pindolol and acebutolol
Definition
Beta blockers partial agonist activity (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity) cause some bronchodilation and may have an advantage in treating patients with asthma
Term
Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone, Troglitazone (withdrawn/d from market)
Definition
Thiazolidinediones
Term
Platelet aggregation inhibition
Definition
Aspirin reduces mortality in unstable angina by
Term
Point mutation
Definition
Type of resistance found with vancomycin
Term
Positive Comb's test, depression
Definition
SE of methyldopa
Term
Postsynaptic Mu receptors
Definition
Activation of these receptors open K+ ion channels to cause membrane hyperpolarization
Term
Postural hypotension, reflex tachycardia, hot flashes, and throbbing headache due to meningeal artery dilation
Definition
SE of nitrates
Term
Potassium channel blockers
Definition
MOA of class III antiarrhythmics
Term
Potency
Definition
Amount of drug necessary to elicit a biologic effect
Term
Potential for development of Reye's syndrome
Definition
Aspirin is contraindicated in children with viral infection
Term
Pralidoxime
Definition
This agent regenerates active cholinesterase and is a chemical antagonist used to treat organophosphate exposure
Term
Pralidoxime
Definition
Used to treat patients exposed to insecticides such as parathion
Term
Pramipexole and ropinirole
Definition
Non ergot agents used as first-line therapy in the initial management of Parkinson's
Term
Pre-existing cardiac or renal disease
Definition
COX 2 inhibitors should be used cautiously in pts with
Term
Prednisone
Definition
Drug used in cancer therapy causes Cushing-like symptoms
Term
Prednisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and triamcinolone
Definition
Intermediate acting GC's
Term
Pregnancy
Definition
Fibrates are contraindicated in
Term
Pregnancy
Definition
HMG CoA reductase inhibitors are contraindicated in
Term
Pregnancy
Definition
Warfarin is contraindicated in
Term
Prilocaine
Definition
LA causing methemoglobinemia
Term
Primaquine
Definition
Drug used in exoerythrocytic cycle of malaria
Term
Prinzmetal's angina
Definition
CCB are DOC for
Term
Probenecid causes urinary excretion of uric acid and lowers serum urate concentrations
Definition
Agent used to treat chronic gout by increasing uric acid excretion
Term
Procarbazine
Definition
Alkylating agent that produces disulfiram-like reaction with ethanol
Term
Produce glucagon
Definition
Alpha cells in the pancreas
Term
Produce insulin
Definition
Beta cells in the pancreas
Term
Produce Somatostatin
Definition
Delta cells in the pancreas
Term
Prolonged half-life, up to six weeks
Definition
Specific pharmacokinetic characteristic of amiodarone
Term
prolongs QT and PR interval
Definition
Side effect of sotalol
Term
Propofol
Definition
Produces both rapid anesthesia and recovery, has antiemetic activity and commonly used for outpatient surgery, may cause marked hypotension
Term
Propoxyphene
Definition
Weak opioid agonist, poor analgesic, its overdose can cause severe toxicity including respiratory depression, circulatory collapse, pulmonary edema, and seizures
Term
Propranolol
Definition
Non-selective Beta-blocker also used for migraine prophylaxis
Term
Propranolol
Definition
This beta blocker is highly lipid soluble and may account for side effects such as nightmares
Term
Propranolol
Definition
Agent effective in physiologic and essential tremor
Term
Prostaglandin PGF2a
Definition
This agent cause increased aqueous outflow
Term
Psychotic state, overdose causes agitation, restlessness, tachycardia, hyperthermia, hyperreflexia, and seizures
Definition
Chronic high dose abuse of nicotine leads to
Term
Pulse therapy
Definition
Treatment with cancer chemotherapy at high doses every 3-4 weeks, too toxic to be used continuously
Term
Pyridostigmine
Definition
Treatment of myasthenia gravis
Term
Quetiapine
Definition
Increased risk of developing cataracts
Term
Radioactive iodine
Definition
Permanently cures thyrotoxicosis, patients will need thyroid replacement therapy thereafter. Contraindicated in pregnancy
Term
Rebound HTN, sedation, dry mouth
Definition
SE of clonidine
Term
Reduce aqueous synthesis
Definition
Newer alpha 2 agonist (apraclonidine and brimonidine) treat glaucoma
Term
Reduce inhibition, suppress anxiety, and produce relaxation
Definition
Sedative-Hypnotics action
Term
Reduce the loss from area of injection
Definition
Often mixed with local anesthetic to
Term
Reducing preload
Definition
Diuretics work in CHF by
Term
Reducing progression of heart failure (never use in acute heart failure)
Definition
Beta blockers work in CHF by
Term
Regular (Humulin R)
Definition
Rapid acting, crystalline zinc insulin used to reverse acute hyperglycemia
Term
Repaglinide
Definition
Meglitinide
Term
Rescue therapy
Definition
Toxic effect of anticancer drug can be lessened by rescue agents
Term
Respiratory failure
Definition
The most important cause of acute deaths in cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity
Term
Retinal destruction and dermatitis
Definition
SE of hydroxychloroquine
Term
Rhabdomyolysis
Definition
Concurrent use of fibrates and statins increases risk of
Term
Rhabdomyolysis and Hepatotoxicity
Definition
SE of HMG COA reductase inhibitors
Term
Salmeterol
Definition
Long acting beta 2 agonist used in asthma
Term
Salmeterol
Definition
Longer acting Beta 2 agonists is recommended for prophylaxis of asthma
Term
Sedation
Definition
Most common side effect of 1st generation antihistamines
Term
Seizures
Definition
SE of imipenem
Term
Selective inhibitor of microtubule assembly
Definition
MOA of Colchicine (used in acute gout)
Term
Selegiline
Definition
Inhibitor of MAO type B which metabolizes dopamine, used adjunct to levodopa or as sole agent in newly diagnosed pt's
Term
Sermorelin
Definition
GHRH analog used as diagnostic agent
Term
Serotonin syndrome
Definition
MAOI should not be administered with SSRI's or potent TCA's due to development of this condition
Term
Serum ammonia and LFT's
Definition
Laboratory value required to be monitored for patients on valproic acid
Term
Severe hypertension
Definition
Limiting adverse effect of ganglion blockade that patients usually are unable to tolerate
Term
SEVERE myelosuppression
Definition
Side effect of Mitomycin
Term
Side-effect profile and prior pt response
Definition
All antidepressants have roughly the same efficacy in treating depression, agents are chosen based on these criterion
Term
Sinus tachycardia and serious arrhythmias
Definition
Beta 1 agonist toxicity
Term
Skeletal muscle tremor
Definition
Beta 2 agonist toxicity
Term
Sodium bicarbonate
Definition
Antidote used for tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)
Term
Sodium blockade
Definition
Mechanisms of action for Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine
Term
sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)
Definition
Antidote for hyperkalemia
Term
Somatrem
Definition
Somatotropin (GH) analog used in GH deficiency (dwarfism)
Term
Sotalol
Definition
Antiarrhythmic that exhibits Class II and III properties
Term
Spasmolytic drugs
Definition
Agents acting in the CNS or in the skeletal muscle, used to reduce abnormally elevated tone caused by neurologic or muscle end plate disease
Term
Specificity
Definition
Selectivity of a drug for its receptor
Term
SSRI's, bupropion, and venlafaxine
Definition
Well-tolerated and are first-line antidepressants
Term
St. Anthony's Fire
Definition
Disease caused by excess ergot alkaloids
Term
Steady state
Definition
When the rate of drug input equals the rate of drug elimination
Term
Steroids
Definition
Causes acne, premature closure of epiphyses, masculinization in females, hepatic dysfunction, MI, and increases in libido and aggression
Term
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Definition
SE for Lamotrigine
Term
Stimulate PPAR-gamma receptor to regulate CHO and lipid metabolism
Definition
MOA of thiazolindinediones
Term
Stimulates rapid and transient release of of insulin through closure of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel
Definition
MOA of nateglinide
Term
Streptokinase
Definition
Thrombolytic that can cause allergic reaction
Term
Streptomycin
Definition
Aminoglycoside that is least ototoxic
Term
Succinylcholine
Definition
Only member of depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, causes fasciculation during induction and muscle pain after use
Term
Succinylcholine
Definition
One depolarizing blocker that causes continuous depolarization and results in muscle relaxation and paralysis, causes muscle pain postoperatively and myoglobinuria may occur
Term
Sulfasalazine
Definition
Anti-rheumatic agent also used for ulcerative colitis
Term
Sulfonamides
Definition
Class of drugs that may cause cross-sensitivity with thiazide diuretics
Term
Sumatriptan
Definition
Triptan available in parenteral and nasal formulation
Term
Suramin
Definition
Drug used for African sleeping sickness
Term
TD50
Definition
Median toxic dose required for a toxic effect in 50% of the population
Term
Terbutaline
Definition
Beta 2 agonist used to suppress premature labor, but cardiac stimulatory effects may be hazardous to mother and fetus
Term
Terfenadine and astemizole (have been removed from the market)
Definition
Lethal arrhythmias resulting from concurrent therapy with azole fungals (metabolized by CYP 3A4) and these antihistamines which inhibit the 3A4 iso-enzyme.
Term
Tertiary amines
Definition
Agents having higher sedation and antimuscarinic effects than other TCA's
Term
Testicular cancer
Definition
Bleomycin+vinblastine+etoposide+cisplatin produce almost a 100% response when all agents are used for this neoplasm
Term
Tetrabenazine (amine depleting drug), Haloperidol (antipsychotic)
Definition
Agents used in Huntington's Disease
Term
Tetracaine and bupivacaine
Definition
Longer acting local anesthetics which are less dependent on vasoconstrictors
Term
Tetracycline
Definition
Drug causes teeth discoloration
Term
Theophylline
Definition
Drug increases the renal clearance hence decreases levels of lithium
Term
Therapeutic index
Definition
Window between therapeutic effect and toxic effect
Term
Thioamides, iodides, radioactive iodine, and ipodate
Definition
Anti-thyroid drugs
Term
Thiopental
Definition
Barbiturate used for the induction of anesthesia
Term
Thiopental
Definition
IV barbiturate used as a pre-op anesthetic
Term
Thioridazine
Definition
Only phenothiazine not exerting antiemetic effects, can cause visual impairment due to retinal deposits, and high doses have been associated with ventricular arrhythmias
Term
Thrombocytopenia
Definition
SE of amrinone
Term
Thrombocytopenic purpura, and CINCHONISM
Definition
Other side effects of Quinidine
Term
Thyroid dysfunction, photosensitivity, skin (blue smurf syndrome), corneal deposits, liver damage and pulmonary fibrosis
Definition
SE of Amiodarone
Term
Ticlopidine
Definition
Antiplatelet drug reserved for patients allergic to aspirin
Term
Tinnitus, GI bleeding
Definition
SE of salicylates
Term
Tissue plasmin activator
Definition
Thrombolytic used for acute MI and ischemic (non hemorrhagic) CVA
Term
Tizanidine
Definition
Similar to clonidine and may cause hypotension
Term
Tolerance
Definition
Nitrate free intervals are needed due to
Term
Tolerance
Definition
Occurs when sedative hypnotics are used chronically or at high doses
Term
Topical mupirocin (Bactroban)
Definition
Topical DOC in impetigo
Term
Toremifene (Fareston)
Definition
Newer estrogen receptor antagonist used in advanced breast cancer
Term
Trazodone
Definition
Antidepressant also used for sleep that causes priapism
Term
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)
Definition
Sedation is a common side effect of these drugs, they lower seizure threshold, uses include BAD, acute panic attacks, phobias, enuresis, and chronic pain and their overdose can be deadly
Term
Trimethaphan, and hexamethonium
Definition
Ganglionic blockers formerly used in HTN
Term
Tubocurarine
Definition
Agent with long duration of action and is sost likely to cause histamine release
Term
Unclear, thought to increase the threshold for firing of CNS neurons
Definition
MOA of general anesthetics
Term
Urinary acidification and activated charcoal or continual nasogastric suction
Definition
Removal of PCP may be aided
Term
Use in IgE mediated allergic reaction
Definition
Major indication for H1 receptor antagonist
Term
Uterine contractions
Definition
Reason ergot alkaloids are contraindicated in pregnancy
Term
Valproic acid
Definition
Agent that inhibits hepatic metabolism, is hepatotoxic and teratogen that can cause neural tube defects and gastrointestinal distress
Term
Valproic acid, carbamazepine, phenytoin and gabapentin
Definition
Anti-seizure drugs used also for bipolar affective disorder (BAD)
Term
Vancomycin, infusion
at a slow rate and antihistamines
Definition
Antibiotic causing red-man syndrome, and prevention
Term
Vasodilation
Definition
Almost all local anesthetics have this property and sometimes require the administration of vasoconstrictors (ex. Epinephrine) to prolong activity
Term
Venlafaxine
Definition
Antidepressant having stimulant effects similar to SSRI's and can increase blood pressure
Term
Venlafaxine
Definition
Antidepressant inhibiting norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine reuptake
Term
Vincristine
Definition
Microtubule inhibitor that causes peripheral neuropathy, foot drop (eg. ataxia), and "pins and needles" sensation
Term
Vitamin B12
Definition
Agent used for neurological deficits in megaloblastic anemia
Term
Vitamin D
Definition
Vitamin given with calcium to ensure proper absorption
Term
Vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma
Definition
Antidote to reverse actions of warfarin
Term
Volume of distribution (VD)
Definition
Relates the amount of drug in the body to the plasma concentration
Term
Yohimbine
Definition
Selective Alpha 2 blocker used for impotence (controversial effectiveness)
Term
Zafirlukast and montelukast
Definition
Inhibitor of leukotrienes (LTD4) receptors and used in asthma
Term
Zero order kinetics
Definition
Drug elimination with a constant amount metabolized regardless of drug concentration
Term
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Definition
Syndrome of hypersecretion of gastric acid and pepsin usually caused by gastrinoma; it is associated with severe peptic ulceration and diarrhea
Term
Zolpidem, zaleplon
Definition
Good hypnotic activity with less CNS SE than most benzodiazepines
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