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Personality Theory Exam 2
Chapters 8-13
122
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/25/2012

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Term
Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949) basic background
Definition
homosexual- saw self as flawed/failed development
only child, schizo mom (may also be schizophrenic)
shy, socially withdrawn
Term
Even more than Horney and Adler, Sullivan stressed ____________ in formation of personality
Definition
social context
Term
Sullivan on anxiety
Definition
anxiety is the chief force in blocking interpersonal relationships
anxiety is picked up through empathy*
Term
Sullivan worked with?
Definition
with no formal training- schizophrenics. believed it was result of unhealthy relationships and began "therapeutic communities"
Term
Sullivan on defenses
(adler: safeguarding, horney: neurotic trends)
Definition
sullivan: security operations; dissociation and selective attention to protect self and the self system which emerges from behavior that protects against anxiety
Term
Sullivan's infancy stage
Definition
0-2
Early part of prototaxic thinking, later into parataxic thinking
good/bad/not me's
Term
prototaxic thinking
Definition
experience as a flow of sensations in the present. no time line. no boundary between self and other. mother's anxiety is my anxiety/ anxiety simply exists.
Term
parataxic thinking
Definition
temporally related events seen as connected. mental images of self and others develop
Term
syntaxic thinking
Definition
language, logic, consensual meaning
Term
good me
bad me
not me
Definition
good me- associated with reward and approval, tenderness
bad me- punishment/disapproval
not me- dissociated experiences from intense anxiety
Term
Sullivan's childhood stage (part 1)
Definition
2-5/6
from the development of language to the need for equal playmates
personifications develop and now "just" me with good/bad behaviors
imaginary playmates and socialization
potty training, hygiene, manners, eating habits, reciprocity
Term
sullivans purpose for imaginary playmates
Definition
prepares for real friends and socialization without the anxiety
Term
Sullivan's childhood stage (part 2)
Definition
dramatizations- like playing house
preoccupations- staying with an activity to avoid anxiety
malevolent attitude
creating a self system- consistent pattern of behavior protecting against anxiety
Term
Sullivan: malevolent attitude
Definition
as the child becomes ambulatory, it gets into things creating increase possibilities for restriction, punishment, and criticism.
same sex pal can be curative against isolation of malevolent attitude
Term
sullivan: Juvenile era- 5 to 8/9
Definition
equal playmates to special pal
learning to compete, cooperate, compromise
Term
sullivan: Preadolescence
Definition
8.5 to puberty
sullivan believed strongly in importance of same sex pal
genuine mutual interest, trust, sharing of things
first experience with intimacy w/o lust complications
Term
sullivan: early adolescence
Definition
begins with arrival of lust
attempts at intimacy can be rejected, intimacy can remain with friends while lust is for strangers (crushes, sex & city)
Term
sullivan: late adolescence
Definition
bringing together love, intimacy, and lust.
if you can love, you don't need a psychiatrist
Term
Sullivan's approach to therapy
Definition
improve relationships with others through a relationship with a therapist
Term
Erikson basic background
Definition
1902-1994
father deserted, bullied because was jewish but looked christian
traveled 7 years as artist
trained with anna freud- vienna psychoanalytic society
with just hs diploma and psychoanalytic certificate he became famous from book and became harvard professor
Term
Erikson's main concern
Definition
Ego identity formation
"a clear sense of what and who one is within the cultural and environmental situation in which one exists"
Term
Erikson: Infancy
Definition
0-18 mo
oral-sensory: someone has to feed, hold, cuddle, etc
trust vs mistrust
hope
Term
Erikson: early childhood
Definition
18 mo- 3 yrs
muscular anal: movement but not much thinking

autonomy vs shame and doubt: starting to choose to do things and explore environment, says I and "no", sees results

will/autonomy
Term
Erikson: play age (pre-operational)
Definition
3-6
locomotor Genital: conceptual development and coordinated movements. helper... result?
initiative vs guilt: imagine and create vs criticized
purpose
Term
Erikson: school age
Definition
7-12 concrete operations
Latency. further motor development, ability to plan and carry out and accomplish complex tasks
industry vs inferiority
competence
Term
Erikson: puberty
Definition
13-18ish
identity vs role diffusion: who you are independent of fam
time for moratorium- the break to explore
fidelity- ability to be faithful to something
Term
Erikson: young adulthood
Definition
intimacy vs isolation
love
Term
Erikson: adulthood
~45-60ish
Definition
life seems more routine and there are usually fewer struggles. awareness of mortality and need to find meaning
generativity vs stagnation
favorable outcome: care (about, for, to do)
Term
Erikson: Maturity
Definition
integrity vs despair: most choices have been made and cant be changed
wisdom (but perhaps better is perspective)
Term
maladaptive tendency
Definition
too much of a good thing
Term
malignant tendency
Definition
core pathology
much worse, too much of a bad thing
Term
tendencies for trust vs mistrust
Definition
maladaptive: sensory distortion, gullible
malignant: withdrawal, world as unsafe, paranoia
Term
tendencies for autonomy vs shame/doubt
Definition
maladaptive: impulsiveness, shameless willfulness
malignant: complusiveness, no confidence, need to be right
Term
tendencies for initiative vs guilt
Definition
maladaptive: ruthlessness
malignant: inhibition
Term
tendencies for industry vs inferiority
Definition
maladaptive: narrow virtuosity
malignant: inertia (strong inferiority)
Term
tendencies for identity vs role diffusion
Definition
maladaptive: fanaticism
malignant: role repudiation, diffidence or defiance
Term
tendencies for intimacy vs isolation
Definition
maladaptive: promiscuity
malignant: exclusion, isolation
Term
tendencies for generativity vs stagnation
Definition
maladaptive: over extension
malignant: rejectivity (loss of meaning)
Term
tendencies for integrity vs despair
Definition
maladaptive: presumption (presumed ego integrity w/o depth)
malignant: despair, disdain, contempt for life
Term
Erikson's stages
Definition
trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame/doubt, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role diffusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair
Term
Basic Maslow
Definition
humanistic psychologist, difficult anti-semetic childhood,
evil mother, absent drunk father
not an awesome student but eventually got a phd and when he got a 195 on the IQ test he was able to do whatever he wanted at columbia
Term
who maslow studied
Definition
people who were successful at life, some historical and some students
Term
why Maslow believes successful people are successful
Definition
people are motivated by self actualization or growth needs rather than basic psychological needs
Term
psychological basic needs criteria
Definition
need is low or inactive in healthy person
Absence > illness
Presence / illness
Restoration curative
Deprivation > preference
Term
Maslows basic psychological needs
Definition
love, belonging, respect, security
Term
reactions to basic needs
Definition
welcome as pleasurable tensions or hurry to eliminate
Term
living for goal or living in present
Definition
tension enjoyed not just goal. living for goal leads to disappointment
got that out of the way vs give me more
Term
un-needed love
Definition
the best love comes from someone who doesnt need you because they dont need you to be a certain way
Term
characteristics of self actualizing person
Definition
secure in basic needs, more independent and less anxious and needy, creative and spontaneous
people magnet, accepting of others but desires some privacy and autonomy
loving, helpful, generous,
democratic values, creative, b-values
Term
characteristics of someone motivated by basic needs
Definition
needy! possessive and attached
demanding or constrictive, change is a threat
love comes from need to be filled and you force a fit
Term
Basic Carl Rogers
Definition
gently suppressive family
worked with delinquent youth and underpriviledged
wrote client centered therapy and hosted encounter groups
first to record a case
interested in conflict resolution, ireland and south africa
Term
formative tendency
Definition
in all of nature- evolution from simpler to more complex
ex. snow flakes
Term
Rogers actualization tendency
Definition
the urge to expand, extend, develop, mature
like potato
Term
as potato needed sun, water, soil...
person actualizes through interactions that are
(necessary and sufficient conditions)
Definition
congruent
empathetic
manifesting unconditional positive regard
Term
three aspects to self
Definition
real/organismic, self concept, ideal self
Term
real/organismic self
Definition
essentially good and life affirming
fear anger and lust also exist here as with freud but organismic self is good
Term
self concept
Definition
self perceived in awareness
requires consciousness and symbolic representation
Term
ideal self
Definition
how we'd like ot be
Term
healthy development
Definition
unconditional positive regard in contact with others creates positive self regard which becomes autonomous
simlar to Maslow's being love
Term
conditions of worth
Definition
can create disconnect with real self
variety of situations in which parents do not allow self experience
Term
rogers motivations
Definition
maintenance: basic biological needs, maintain status quo, homeostatic tension avoidance
enhancement: fulfill one's basic nature (like potato)
what motivates a child to walk
Term
disconnect between real self and self concept
Definition
discrepancy makes us vulnerable to inconsistency, anxiety, and threat
threat: when we're aware of the disconnect
behavior can become disorganized and psychotic when the incongruence is great and becomes obvious
Term
rogers anxiety
Definition
when the discrepancy is felt but not perceived, there is unease or tension whose cause is unknown
Term
roger's threat
Definition
when we're aware of the disconnect- may be first step to correcting it
Term
rogers maintenance motives
Definition
protect the status quo
we work to protect the status quo through ignoring, distorting, or denying events
Term
rogers- ignoring, denying
Definition
selective attention
Term
rogers- accurately perceived
Definition
when congruent with our self concept we aren't protecting the status quo
Term
rogers- distortion
Definition
to fit the self concept
like people who have difficulty accepting compliments
Term
types of rejecting compliments
Definition
immediate reciprocity, external discount, internal discount
Term
rogers psychotherapy
Definition
a curative relationship
pathology created by an unhealthy relationship can be cured by a healthy one
Term
curative elements of rogers' therapy
Definition
unconditional positive regard (loving acceptance)
congruence- not fake/pretend
empathetic listening

favor congruence
Term
rogers was the first to ____
Definition
empirically study the effects of therapy
stages in therapy, progress in stages
uses q-sort, shift in real self and decreased discrepancies
Term
basic Allport
Definition
wam upbringing, well liked person
disagreed with freud
first personality theorist and textbook writer
synthesizer
Term
individually unique traits
Definition
allport studied a limited number of traits along which everyone could be compared
Term
ideographic approach
morphogenic
Definition
the study of the individual case
suggesting patterned structure of individual
Term
nomothetic approach
Definition
studying general laws and norms of behavior
Term
Allport important characteristics of traits
Definition
they exist in people, determine behavior, can be established by observation, relatively independent, can be inconsistent
Term
common traits (allport)
Definition
dimension along which most people in a culture can be compared. like intro/extroversion
Term
personality traits or dispositions
Definition
unique to a person
Term
cardinal disposition
Definition
all pervasive and outstanding in a person's life
one word used to describe the person, most people dont have one
Term
central traits/dispositions
Definition
short list of 5/10 traits we'd use to describe someone
Term
secondary traits
Definition
less generalized, less consistent, less often called into play, more peripheral traits
Term
personal dispositions and motivational dispositions
Definition
not separated, all PD's have some motivational power, but motivationals moreso than stylistics
Term
stylistic disposition
Definition
ex. personal disposition of politeness. shapes activities
some motivational force would be revealed by discomfort at acting impolitely but is not a disposition getting him out of bed
Term
proprium
Definition
the self as felt and known by me
aspects that are warm, central, and important
doesnt include basic drives, cultural customs, habits
Term
who was the "synthesizer"
Definition
Allport
Term
peripheral motives
Definition
reactive, reduce need for hunger, thirst, etc
Term
propriate strivings
Definition
proactive, about growth and change
Term
functional autonomy
Definition
what we once did in the service of some other motive can gain it's own motivational force
Term
perservarative
Definition
a simple tendency to continue an action for a time after the motive is gone
Term
propriate functional autonomy
Definition
the master system of motivation
this is what i do
Term
what makes a person mature (allport)
Definition
extends proprium to welfare of others, social interest
maslow's being love
emotional security, self acceptance, realistic perceptions
insight and humor, philosophy of life, religion as end in itself
Term
according to sullivan, what is the significance of a special friend during the preadolescent stage?
Definition
can heal early childhood problems
intimacy without complications of lust
Term
according to sullivan, how is fear different from anxiety?
Definition
fear: not always negative, not maladaptive, directive, constructive
anxiety: negative, vague, disruptive, stems form interpersonal relationships and disrupts relationships
Term
describe syntonic and dystonic experiences of each of Erikson's 8 stages
Definition
trust/mistrust, autonomy/shame and doubt, initiative/guilt, industry/inferiority, identity/role diffusion, intimacy/isolation, generativity/stagnation, integrity/despair
Term
according to erikson, what are the basic strengths that emerge from each of his 8 stages?
Definition
Hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, wisdom
HWPCFLCW
he will purposely cry for love cant win
Term
describe maslow's hierarchy of motives
Definition
physiological: food water health
safety: unsuccessful in attempts - basic anxiety
love and belongingness
esteem: self-respect, confidence, competence; reputation(how others see) and self-esteem
actualization: self-fulfillment, realization of potential, desire to become creative, independent, accepting, good perception of reality, appreciation, social interest,
Term
metapathology
Definition
failure to self actualize with resulting lack of meaning and purpose in their lives
Term
according to allport, what is the role of unconscious motivation?
Definition
avg person doesnt need them but rather are concious about motives
pathological people have them
Term
who formed therapeutic communities for schizophrenics?
Definition
Sullivan
Term
Whose mother was cruel and father was absent?
Definition
Maslow
Term
who demystified psychotherapy?
Definition
rogers
Term
Who used Encounter groups to learn about influence and impacts on others?
Definition
Rogers
Term
Who was a unique trait theorist?
Definition
Allport
Term
whose therapy involves a curative relationship with congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathetic listening
Definition
rogers
Term
extrinsic
Definition
means to an end
Term
intrinsic
Definition
end in itself, spiritual
Term
whose interpersonal theory of personality rests on the assumption that unhealthy personality development results form interpersonal conflicts and difficulties?
Definition
sullivan
Term
why sullivan's same-sex "chums" could be a bad thing according to related research
Definition
co-rumination
Term
prototaxic
Definition
primitive, pre-symbolic
Term
parataxic
Definition
not accurately communicated to others
Term
syntaxic
Definition
accurate communication
Term
with whose therapy does the therapist serve as a participant observer and attempts to improve patient's interpersonal relations?
Definition
sullivan
Term
epigenetic
Definition
each component proceeds in a ste-by-step fashion
Term
who used psychohistory to study mlk jr and gandhi?
Definition
erikson
Term
holistic-dynamic theory
Definition
Maslow, whole person constantly motivated by one need or another growing towards self-actualization
holistic approach to motivation, usually complex, continual
Term
hierarchy of needs
Definition
physiological, safety, love/belongingness, esteem, self actualization
Term
maslow's additional categories of needs
Definition
aesthetic, cognitie, neurotic
Term
B-values
Definition
differentiates self-actualizing people, they are capable of metamotivation of expressive behavior
truth, goodness, wholeness, perfection, justice, simplicity, humor, autonomy, etc
Term
jonah complex
Definition
fear of being one's best
Term
existential living
Definition
living in the moment (rogers)
Term
who was a scientist first, therapist second, personality theorist third?
Definition
rogers, hence he demystified psychotherapy, used q-sort and stages research
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