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Personality Theory Exam 1
Chapters 1-6
122
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
09/30/2012

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Term
Personality (book)
Definition
a pattern of relatively consistent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person's behavior
Term
Personality
Definition
Characteristic ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
Term
Starting point for therapists
Definition
case studies of troubled people
Term
Starting point for academic psychologists
Definition
empirical studies of groups of people
interviews or psychological testing
Term
introspection
Definition
looking at one's own experience and generalizing to others
Term
Wholistic
Definition
the total human experience
Term
Ideal Theory
Definition
a set of related assumptions which can generate testable hypotheses
Term
Taxonomy
Definition
organization and classification of units
Term
How to evaluate usefulness of a theory (7 points)
Definition
-ability to generate research
-ability to organize data and integrate elements of what we know
-guides action
-falsifiable
-internally consistent
-parsimony
-phenomenological validity
Term
falsifiable
Definition
ability to be confirmed or disconfirmed. To be falsifiable, a theory must be precise enough to suggest research that may either support or fail to support its major tenets.
Term
traits
Definition
individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, stability of behavior across situations
Term
characteristics
Definition
unique qualities of individual that include temperament, physique, and intelligence
Term
theory
Definition
set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses
Term
six dimensions or perspectives of human nature
Definition
determinism vs free will
pessimism vs optimism
causality vs teleology
conscious vs unconscious
heredity vs environment
uniqueness vs similarities
Term
teleology
Definition
explanation of behavior in terms of future goals or purposes
Term
types of validity
Definition
construct: convergent, divergent, discriminant
predictive
Term
split half reliability
Definition
measures internal consistency between halves of test
Term
construct validity
Definition
the extent to which it measures some hypothetical construct. (ex: aggressiveness, intelligence, emotional stability)
Term
hysteria
Definition
disorder characterized by paralysis or improper functioning of certain body parts
Term
repression
Definition
forcing undesirable id impulses into unconscious
Term
regression
Definition
reverting back to an earlier stage
Term
reaction formation
Definition
repressed impulse adopts a disguise directly opposite its original form
Term
displacement
Definition
redirecting unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is disguised
Term
sublimation
Definition
repression of genital aim by substituting a cultural aim. Creative art and music or part of relationships. Useful for individual and social group.
Term
projection
paranoia
Definition
attributing unwanted impulse to an external object
paranoia is extreme projection characterized by powerful delusions of jealousy and persecution
Term
conversion disorder
Definition
physical symptoms, psychological factors for motor function problems, not intentional, not explained medically, distress
Term
somatization disorder
Definition
history of physical complaints in many areas, not intentional nor medically explained
Term
Breur and Anna O
Definition
she alternated btwn anxiety and depression, abusive, hallucinations, partial paralysis, mute for 2 weeks
day-night rhythm
Breur used catharsis and after she recalled the story of the dog drinking from her glass she became symptom free
Term
strangulated affect
Definition
intense blocked emotion continues to operate unconsciously and can produce symptoms
Term
fixation
Definition
permanent attachment of the libido onto an earlier more primitive stage of development
Term
introjection
Definition
people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego. Eg. adopting the mannerisms or values of a movie star. Permits inflated sense of self-worth
Term
sadism/masochism
Definition
sadism: need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation
masochism: sexual pleasure from suffering pain/humiliation
Term
neurotic anxiety
Definition
apprehension about an unknown danger
Term
moral anxiety
Definition
stems from conflict btwn ego and superego
Term
realistic anxiety
Definition
fear, nonspecific feeling involving possible danger
Term
Freud's Stages of Development
Definition
0-5 infantile stage
latency
genital
maturity
Term
infantile phases
Definition
oral
anal
phallic
Term
Anal triad
Definition
orderliness, stinginess, and obstinancy
typifies an adult anal character
Term
parapraxes
Definition
"freudian slips"
Term
provinces of the mind
levels of mental life
Definition
provinces: id ego superego
levels: unconscious preconscious and conscious
Term
Charcot
Definition
demonstrated that hysterical symptoms could be removed or restored with hypnosis
Term
Frau Emmy
Definition
suffered grimaces, pain, insomnia, hallucinations. very wealthy. during catharsis she spoke about fear of elevator and then cancel massage due to menstruation. connection: ovarian pain. misplaced anxiety
Term
Frauline Von R.
Definition
leg pain, couldn't hypnotize, concentration technique
memory of guilt after walking with man instead of caring for father. then later underlying guilt was really about brother in law
Term
Basic Adler description
Definition
raised wealthy. sick child. older brother. cared for social change. children's mental health. NOT student of freud. focused on inferiority and superiority. liked america
Term
Statements of individual psychology **6
Definition
1. the one dynamic force behind people's behavior is the striving for success or superiority
2.people's subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality
3. personality is unified and self consistent
4. the value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest
5. the self-consistent personality structure develops into a person's style of life
6. style of life is molded by people's creative power
Term
the final goal
Definition
Adler: either personal superiority or success for humankind. Fictional and no objective existence. greatly significant unifies personality and renders behavior comprehensible.
Term
Adler's theory development
Definition
-organ inferiority
-masculine protest
-strive for superiority
-healthy and loved children grow to have normal feelings of inferiority and will strive for success, completeness, and social interest...pampered/neglected children have exaggerated inferiority leading to strive for personal superiority
Term
fictions
Definition
expectations of the future
subjective perceptions of reality
Term
individual psychology
Definition
each person is unique and indivisible
Term
organ dialect
Definition
body part is speaking more expressively than words.
eg. person with arthritis. hands are saying "see my handicap. you can't expect me to do manual work. sympathize"
Term
social interest (Gemeinschaftgefuhl)
Definition
social feeling or oneness with all humanity. a person with well developed social interest strives not for personal superiority but for perfection for all people in an ideal community
Term
Adler's style of life
Definition
includes a person's goal, self-concept, feelings for others, and attitude toward the world. product of heredity, environment, and a person's creative power established by age 5
Term
creative power
Definition
people's ability to freely shape their behavior and create their own personality
places one in control of their life
Term
4 styles of life
Definition
consistant approaches to situations
ruling/dominant, getting/leaning, avoidant/disengaged, socially useful
Term
ruling/dominant style of life
Definition
manipulate, high activity and low social interest
Term
getting/leaning
Definition
looks to others, low activity low social interest
Term
avoidant/disengaged
Definition
very low social interest and very low activity
Term
socially useful
Definition
high activity high social interest
Term
safeguarding tendencies
Definition
patterns of behavior to protect exaggerated sense of self-esteem against public disgrace. They enable people to hide their inflated self-image.
-excuses, aggression, withdrawal
Term
causes of maladjustment
Definition
-exaggerated physical deficiencies
-pampered style of life
-neglected style of life
Term
Aggression
Definition
protects fragile self-esteem in forma os
depreciation: criticism or rescuing
accusation: blaming
and self-accusation: self-torture
Term
withdrawal
Definition
-moving backwards -standing still -hesitating -constructing obstacles
Term
early recollections
Definition
recalled memories yield cues for understanding patient's style of life.
Term
Basic about Jung
Definition
family history of either mysticism or mental illness. as child had two personalities, one of old man.
Term
analytical psychology
Definition
Jung's theory of personality rests on the assumption that occult phenomena influence all lives.
Term
collective unconscious
Definition
dispositions which result from the common experiences of generations
Term
personal unconscious
Definition
all of a personal nature that isnt conscious
complexes= ideas connected by emotion
Term
dominant function
Definition
what you let into your conscious
Term
archetypes
Definition
ancient images derived from the collective unconscious
predispose us to act in certain ways
Term
persona
Definition
the side of personality that people show to the world
refers to masks
Term
shadow
Definition
archetype of darkness and repression, represents qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others
taming our animal instincts result in loss of spontaneity, creativity, and strong emotions
Term
first test of courage
Definition
striving to know our shadow
Term
anima
animus
Definition
anima- female in male
animus- male in female
sexis concepts, reason for passionate attraction
Term
great mother
Definition
fertility and nourishment as well as power and destruction
Term
wise old man
Definition
wisdom and meaning, symbolizes preexisting knowledge of life's mysteries
Term
rebirth
Definition
universal motif in religions
Term
self
Definition
pulls together all the archetypes.
growth, perfection, completion: self-realization/individuation
mandala symbol
Term
progression
Definition
adaptation to the outside world involves the forward flow of psychic energy
Term
regression (adler)
Definition
adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow of psychic energy
Term
attitudes (adler)
Definition
a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction.
introverted/extroverted
Term
Adler's 4 functions or types
Definition
sensing, thinking, feeling, intuting
Term
Sensing
Definition
tells people that something exists. focuses on awareness of sensory experiences
extrovert: proof reader, wine taster
introvert: painter, classical musician
Term
Intuiting
Definition
sense of context. awareness of big picture, pattern, more unconscious, knowing without knowing how you know
extrovert: inventors who concentrate on unconscious solutions... create something that few people realized needed to be made
introvert: mystics, prophets
Term
Thinking
Definition
recognize meaning. analysis, connect ideas
extravert: engineer, accountant
introvert: philosopher, inventor
Term
Feeling
Definition
gives value or worth, accepting or rejecting
extrovert: uses data for evaluation, real estate appraisers
introvert: evaluates on subjective criteria. art critic.
Term
active imagination
Definition
Jung used during self-analysis and with patients.
begin with any image, vision, picture or fantasy and concentrate on following images freely
Term
Basic Mahler info
Definition
primary developmental task: attainment of an internalized representation of self and others
early representations influence later relationships
roots of identity, ego strength, and conflict resolution occur in the first 3 years
Term
Mahler's Developmental Stages and substages
Definition
Normal Autism, Normal symbiosis, Period of Separation and Individuation
-differentiation
-practicing
-rapprochement
-libidinal object constancy
Term
Normal Autism
Definition
1st month
largely unresponsive to external stimuli
operate on instinct, mostly sleepy
undifferentiated between self and others, just sensations
Term
Normal symbiosis
Definition
2-5 months
lap baby, face-face play.
merged representation of self and caretaker
requires sensitivity to cues of needs, tensions, and pleasures
firm symbiosis leads to confident expectation of world
Term
substage 1 (differentiation)
Definition
5-10
attention focuses outward, look/point and explore. push off. specific smile of recognition
separation anxiety and specific attachments
signals beginnings of individuation
Term
substage 2 (practicing)
Definition
10-16 months
love affair with the world
moves away from mother but returns periodically
symbiotic dual unity
sense of grandiosity in self merged with mothers magical powers (kiss makes it better)
Term
substage 3 (rapprochement)
Definition
16-24 months
increased mastery of locomotion and cognition
following behavior, more aware of separateness, sharing
dependence and independence in sharp conflict
period of working out realities:
separation, subject to parents powers, parents not all good or all bad, limited control over world
Term
substage 4 (arriving at full object consistency)
Definition
24-36 months
first attempts at influence
achieve realistic internal representations
Term
Basic Bowlby info
Definition
object relations theorist
attachment theory: attachments formed during childhood have an important impact on adulthood
observed separation anxiety in three stages: protest, despair, detachment
Term
Mary Ainsworth basic info
Definition
object- relations theorist
experimentally addressed same issues as Mahler observed
Strange Situation
Attachment styles: secure, resistant, avoidant, disorganized
Term
object relation theories assume...
Definition
that the mother-child relationship during the first 4 or 5 months is the most critical time for personality development
Term
Horney's psychoanalytic social theory
Definition
social and cultural conditions, especially childhood experiences, shape personality. People who do not have their needs for love and affection satisfied during childhood (basic psychological evil) develop basic hostility toward their parent and consequently suffer from basic anxiety
Term
basic Horney
Definition
neo-freudiam in sense of free association, dreams, emphasis on early childhood. Not sex/aggression or oedipal complex
More neo-Alderian
self-defeating behaviors result from dysfunctional family
Term
basic anxiety
Definition
feeling isolated, helpless, insecure, deserted in a world out to abuse, cheat, attack, betray...
Term
Horney's 4 defenses against basic anxiety (1937, first idea)
Definition
-affection (buy love) -submission (get love) -power (control) -withdrawal (avoid)
rigidity of each distinguishes neurotic from non
Term
Horney's 10 neurotic needs (1942, second main idea)
Definition
1. affection/approval 2. "partner" to take over life 3. restrict life with borders 4. power 5. exploit others 6. prestige 7. personal admiration 8. neurotic ambition for personal achievement 9. self-sufficiency 10. perfection
Term
Neurotic trends (1945)
Definition
general categories for neurotic needs
-moving towards people
-moving against people
-moving away from people
Term
Moving toward "solution"
Definition
compliance. protect against helplessness. if you love me you won't hurt me. compelled to receive affection
#'s 1, 2, 3

similar to getting/leaning
Term
moving against solution
Definition
aggression, hostile. if i have power you cant hurt me. sees everyone as potential enemy
4, 5, 6, 7, 8
ruling/dominant
Term
move away from
Definition
protects agains isolation. detachment.
if i withdraw, nothing can hurt me.
3, 9, 10
avoidant
Term
basic Horney intrapsychic theory
Definition
interplay btwn real self, despised real self, and idealized self
Term
idealized self-image **(probably important)
Definition
attempt to solve conflicts by painting godlike picture of oneself
opposite of going towards self-realization
-neurotic search for glory, tyranny of shoulds
-neurotic ambition. striving for superiority and vindictive triumph
-neurotic claims of entitlement
-neurotic pride
Term
self-hatred
Definition
real self cannot live up to idealized self
self hatred may result in:
- relentless demands of self (tyranny of should)
- self-accusation
-self-contempt (belittling or ridiculing)
-self-frustration
-self torment/torture
-self destructive actions and behaviors
Term
Horney's therapy
Definition
facilitate acceptance of the real self with imperfections and give up idealized self and neurotic trends
free association and dream analysis help understand idealized self
Term
1. Define predictive validity, divergent validity, and convergent validity.
Definition
predictive: tests predicts behavior
convergent: new test for IQ should match well with old tests
divergent: test for given characteristic should not correlate highly with different characteristic test
Term
2. Describe what is meant by “free association.” How is this applied to dreams?
Definition
if image of cigar is in a dream, free associate that and then examine the dream within that context
Term
3. How did Freud arrive at the idea of the Oedipal complex? What would Horney say about this?
Definition
introspection, little hans, the myth
horney: neurotic need for affection, overgeneralized, not sexual
Term
4. Briefly describe Adler’s safeguarding tendencies.
Definition
excuses, aggression, withdrawal
(depreciation, blaming, accusation)
((criticism, rescuing))
Term
5. Related to the idea of safeguarding tendencies: I suggested that in checking out a potential therapist, prospective clients should check to see if the therapist related as much to the client’s joys and successes as they do to the client’s fears and sorrows. What was my point?
Definition
may be maintaining the one-up position using rescuing depreciation aggression
Term
6. Describe the archetypes of the shadow and the persona. What problem did Jung see if a person identifies too completely with their persona.
Definition
shadow- dark qualities we dont want to know about. animalistic. creativity spontaneity, similar to id.
persona- public face to make favorable impression, adaptive.
out of touch with self and dissatisfied with life
Term
7. Describe Jung’s two basic attitudes and four functions.
Definition
extraversion/introversion
thinking feeling sensing intuitive
Term
8. Describe Horney’s three neurotic trends and their normal analogues
Definition
moving toward (if you love me you wont hurt me), moving against (if i have power you cant hurt me), moving away from(if i withdraw, nothing can hurt me)
Term
9. How did Frau Emmy illustrate the idea of “displacement?”
Definition
fear of elevator and then talk of menstruation
daughter's scary ovarian cramps
Term
10. What ideas did Freud derive from the case of Freuline Von R?
Definition
Catharsis and resistance. physical problems may be from repressed emotional problems
Term
11. Describe Mahler’s substages of differentiation, practicing, and rapprochement.
Definition
5-10 months, examining world, smile recognition, specific attachment and separation anxiety, pushoff
10-16 months, love affair with world, mother home base, symbiotic dual unity
16-24 months, sharp conflict independence and dependence, more aware of separation, working out realities, lots of conflicts
Term
12. Distinguish between Freud’s Levels of mental life and provences of the mind.
Definition
levels: conscious, preconscious, unconscious
provinces: id, ego, superego

id= uncon
ego= pre and con
super= all 3
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