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Personality Terms One
exam
73
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
10/07/2012

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Term
Individual differences
Definition
Differences in personality from one person to another
Term
Intrapersonal functioning
Definition
Psychological processes that take place within the person
Term
Parsimony
Definition
the quality of requiring few assumptions; simplicity
Term
Personality
Definition
a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person's characteristic patterns of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.
Term
Theory
Definition
A summary statement, a principle or set of principles about a class of events.
Term
Case Study
Definition
An in-depth study of one individual.
Term
Causality
Definition
a relationship such that variation in one dimension produces variation in another
Term
clinically significant
Definition
an association large enough to have some practical importance
Term
correlation
Definition
a relationship in which two variables or dimensions covary when measured repeatedly
Term
correlation coefficient
Definition
a numeric index of the degree of correlation between two variables
Term
dependent variable
Definition
the variable measured as the outcome of an experiment; the effect in a cause-effect relationship
Term
descriptive statistics
Definition
statistics used to describe or characterize some group
Term
experience sampling
Definition
a method in which one variable is manipulated to test for causal influence on another variable.
Term
experimental control
Definition
the holding constant of variables that are not being manipulated
Term
experimental method
Definition
the method in which one variable is manipulated to test for causal influence on another variable.
Term
experimental personality research
Definition
a study involving a personality factor and an experimental factor
Term
generality (generalizability)
Definition
the degree to which a conclusion applies to many people
Term
idiographic
Definition
relating to an approach that focuses on a particular person across situations
Term
independent variable
Definition
the variable manipulated in an experiment and tested as the cause in a cause-effect relationship
Term
inferential statistics
Definition
statistics used to judge whether a relationship exists between variables
Term
interaction
Definition
a finding in which the effect of one predictor variable differs depending on the level of another predictor variable
Term
main effect
Definition
a finding in which the effect of one predictor variable is independent of other variables.
Term
multifactor study
Definition
a study with two or more predictor variables
Term
personology
Definition
the study of the whole person, as opposed to the study of only one aspect of the person
Term
Practical significance
Definition
an association large enough to have practical importance
Term
Random assignment
Definition
the process of putting people randomly into groups of an experiment so their characteristics balance out across groups
Term
Statistical significance
Definition
the likelihood of an obtained effect occurring when there is no true effect
Term
third-variable problem
Definition
the possibility that an unmeasured variable cause variations in both of two correlated variables.
Term
variable
Definition
a dimension along which two or more variations exist
Term
acquiescence
Definition
the response set of tending to say "yes" ("agree") in response to any question
Term
assessment
Definition
the measuring of personality
Term
construct validity
Definition
the accuracy with which a measure reflects the underlying concept
Term
convergent validity
Definition
the degree to which a measure relates to other characteristics that are conceptually similar to what it's supposed to assess
Term
criterion keying
Definition
the developing of a test by seeing which items distinguish between groups
Term
criterion validity
Definition
the degree to which the measure correlates with a separate criterion reflecting the same concept
Term
Discriminant validity
Definition
the degree to which a scale does NOT measure unintended qualities
Term
Empirical approach (to scale development)
Definition
The use of data instead of theory to decide what should go into the measure
Term
error
Definition
random influences that are incorporated in measurements
Term
face validity
Definition
the scale "looks" as if it measures what it's supposed to measure
Term
implicit assessment
Definition
measuring associations between the sense of self and aspects of personality that are implicit (hard to introspect about).
Term
Internal Reliability (internal consistency)
Definition
agreement among responses made to the items of a measure
Term
inter-rater reliability
Definition
the degree of agreement between observers of the same events
Term
Inventory
Definition
a personality test measuring several aspects of personality on distinct sub scales
Term
objective measure
Definition
a measure that incorporates no interpretation
Term
observer ratings
Definition
an assessment in which someone else produces information about the person being assessed
Term
operational definition
Definition
the defining of a concept by the concrete events through which it's measured (or manipulated)
Term
predictive validity
Definition
the degree to which the measure predicts other variables it should predict
Term
rational approach (to scale development)
Definition
the use of a theory to decide what you want to measure and then deciding how to measure it
Term
reliability
Definition
consistency across repeated measurements
Term
response set
Definition
a biased orientation to answering
Term
self-report
Definition
an assessment in which people make ratings pertaining to themselves
Term
social desirability
Definition
the response set of tending to portray oneself favorably
Term
split-half reliability
Definition
assessing internal consistency among responses to items of a measure by splitting the items into halves and then correlating them
Term
subjective measure
Definition
a measure incorporating personal interpretation
Term
test-retest reliability
Definition
the stability of measurements across time
Term
theoretical approach
Definition
same as rational approach- the use of a theory to decide what you want to measure and then deciding how to measure it
Term
validity
Definition
the degree to which a measure actually measures what it's intended to measure
Term
behavioral signature
Definition
the pattern of situation-behavior links the person has established over experiences in some specific domain
Term
diathesis-stress model
Definition
a theory holding that a vulnerability plus stress creates problems in behavior
Term
extravert
Definition
a person who's outgoing and prefers social and exciting activities
Term
factor
Definition
a dimension that underlies a set of interrelated measures, such as items on a self-report inventory
Term
factor analysis
Definition
a statistical procedure used to find basic dimensions underlying a set of measures
Term
factor loading
Definition
a correlation between a single measure and the factor to which it's being related
Term
idiographic
Definition
pertaining to an approach that focuses on an individual person's uniqueness
Term
interactionism
Definition
the idea that situations and personality interact to determine behavior
Term
interpersonal circle
Definition
personality patterns deriving from varying levels of dominance and love
Term
introvert
Definition
a person who prefers solitary activities
Term
lexical criterion
Definition
an index of the importance of a trait based on the number of words that refer to it
Term
nomothetic
Definition
pertaining to an approach that focuses on norms and on variations among persons
Term
Second-order factor
Definition
a factor that emerges from a factor analysis performed on a set of previously found factors
Term
situationism
Definition
the idea that situations are the primary determinants of behavior
Term
traits
Definition
continuous dimensions of personality on which people vary
Term
types
Definition
distinct and discontinuous categories of persons
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