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Definition
| a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world |
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| 4 perspectives on personality |
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Definition
| 1) psychodynamic 2) behavioral and social cognitive 3) humanistic 4) trait |
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| psychodynamic perspective |
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Definition
| a strong biogenetic foundation on what determines personality and the belief that we are largely unaware of how our individual personalities developed with an emphasis on the importance of internal dimensions of personality; developing in stages--Freud |
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| behavioral and social cognitive perspective |
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Definition
| theorists who endorse environment as a powerful determinant of personality. Behaviorists argue that unconscious or conscious awareness is important in determining personality whereas social cognitive theorists believe that conscious thought affects the way the environment influences personality. Behaviorists emphasize personality's external, situational determinants and social cognitive theorists examine both internal and external determinants |
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| belief that people have the power to reach their full potential, stressing the conscious aspects of personality, esp. in self-perception, emphasizing the internal dimensions of personality |
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Definition
| trait theorists emphasize the importance of both heredity and environment, pay little attention to the conscious and unconscious awareness of behavior and emphasize the internal dimensions of personality |
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| What are the 3 structures Freud believed made up the personality? |
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Definition
| The id, the ego, and the superego |
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Term
| What is the id and the principle it follows? |
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Definition
| It consists of instincts and is a person's reservoir of psychic energy. It is unconscious with no contact with reality. |
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| What is the pleasure principle and which personality structure follows it? |
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Definition
| The id always seeks pleasure and avoids pain |
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Term
| What is the ego and which principle does it follow? |
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Definition
| the structure that deals with the demands of reality, houses our higher mental functions and it follows the reality principle by trying to bring individual pleasure within the norms of society |
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| It is the moral branch of personality, aka our "conscience". Doesn't consider reality, only if the id's impulses can be satisfied in moral terms |
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| the ego's protective methods for reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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Definition
| the most powerful defense mechanism which pushes unacceptable id impulses out of awareness and back into the unconscious mind |
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| 2 points regarding defense mechanisms |
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Definition
| 1) they are unconscious 2) not necessarily unhealthy if used in moderation |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's theory that the young child's development of an intense desire to replace the same-sex parent and enjoy the affections of the opposite-sex parent |
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| the psychoanalytic defense mechanism that occurs when the individual remains locked in an earlier developmental stage because needs are under- or over-gratified |
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| 3 dissenters and revisionists of Freud's theories |
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Definition
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| The importance of socio-cultural influences, the need for security is the prime motive for human existence, and there are 3 strategies humans use in dealing with anxiety--move away, towards, or against people |
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| the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, share by all human beings because of their common ancestral past |
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Definition
| emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people through which the collective unconscious is expressed |
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Definition
| believed that social factors are more important than sexual motivation and that people have the ability to consciously monitor their lives, believed that everyone strives for superiority |
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| Adler's theory that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that they are creators of their own lives |
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Term
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Definition
| the individual's attempt to overcome imagined or real inferiorities or weaknesses by developing other abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| the individual's attempt to deny rather than acknowledge a real situation or for the exaggerated effort to conceal a weakness |
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Term
| inferiority/superiority complexes |
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Definition
| exaggerated feelings of inadequacy or self importance to mask feelings of inferiority |
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Definition
| behaviorist who emphasized the effects of environment on personality |
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Definition
| behavior, environment, and cognitive factors are important in understanding personality, developed by Bandura |
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Definition
| the concept that individuals' beliefs about whether the outcomes of their actions depend on what they do or on events outside of their personal control |
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Definition
| known for research on Optimism and its effects |
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Definition
known humanist for creating 3 concepts:
1)the self
2)unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness
3)the fully functioning person |
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Definition
| individuals' overall perceptions and assessments of their abilities |
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| unconditioned positive regard |
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Definition
| accepting, valuing, and being positive toward another person regardless of the person's behavior |
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Definition
| one of the most powerful figures in the humanistic movement who emphasized self-actualization and the importance of high self-esteem |
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| a person's overall evaluation of his or her self-worth or self-image |
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| an enduring personality characteristic that tends to lead to certain behaviors |
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| believed each person has a unique set of personality traits and they can predict behavior. Defined 3 types of traits: 1)cardinal 2)central and 3)secondary |
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Definition
| an enduring personality characteristic that tends to lead to certain behaviors |
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Definition
| believed each person has a unique set of traits that can predict behavior. Defined 3 types of traits: 1)cardinal, 2)central, and 3)secondary |
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Definition
| Dimensions of personality--1)introverted/extroverted 2)stable/unstable 3)psychoticism |
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| Big 5 factors of personality |
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Definition
| 1)openness 2) conscientousness 3)extraversion 4)agreeableness 5)neuroticism OCEAN |
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Term
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Definition
| presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and then asks them to describe it or tell a story about it (to project their own meaning onto the stimulus) |
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Term
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Definition
| a widely used projective test that determines an indiviudal's personality through his or her perception of inkblots |
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Term
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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Definition
| a projective test designed to elicit stories that will reveal somethinga bout an idividual's personality |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of handwriting analysis to determine an individual's personality |
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Definition
aka objective tests or inventories
directly ask people wheter items describe their personalities or not |
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Term
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Definition
| relies on items to predict some criterion |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
| the most widely used and researched self-report personality test |
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