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Pericardial Pathologies
veterinary pericardial pathologies
36
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 3
03/05/2012

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Term
What are the 3 main categories of pericardial pathologies
Definition
Hydropericardium, haemopericardium, pericarditis
Term
What are the three main types and the 3 lesser types of pericarditis
Definition
Main: Serous, Fibrinous, Purulent. Lesser: Sanginous, Adhesive, Constrictive
Term
What are the key features of hydropericardium
Definition
Sterile, clear or straw coloured fluid, no inflam cells, may contain fibrin or fibrinogen, serosal surface is smooth and glistening
Term
How does hydropericardium appear
Definition
Fluid in the pericardial sac, clear to straw coloured fluid, serosal surfaces are smooth and glistening
Term
What are the main causes of hydropericardium
Definition
Anything which causes oedema, any pathology which damages the integrity of capillaries and blood vessesls (fever, septicaemia etc), anaemias, toxaemias,
Term
What is haemopericardium
Definition
Blood found in the pericardial sac without any inflammatory processes occuring
Term
What is a good way of breaking up the three main pericardial pathologies
Definition
Plasma - hydro, RBC - haemo, WBC - pericarditis
Term
What species do we often see haemopericardium
Definition
Dogs
Term
What is the most common cause of haemopericardium in dogs
Definition
Idiopathic - trick question
Term
How do you treat haemopericarditis
Definition
pericardiocentesis
Term
What is the prognosis for treatment of haemopericardium by pericardiocentesis
Definition
Good, it may resolve or it may recur
Term
What two other conditions is haemopericardium associated with
Definition
Heart base tumours and haemangiosarcomas
Term
What are the 3 main and 3 lesser types of pericarditis
Definition
Main: Serous, Fibrinous, Purulent. Lesser: Sanginous, Adhesive and constrictive
Term
How are pericarditis usually named
Definition
Rarely by the aetiology, usually by the pathology
Term
What is the key feature of a pericarditis
Definition
Infection and inflammation
Term
What are the typical routes of infection in a pericarditis
Definition
Vascular system, lymph system, traumatic penetration, invasion from surrounding tissues, lesions of the myocardium
Term
What are the key features of serous pericarditis
Definition
High cell count in fluid in the pericardial sac, maybe micro-organisms present
Term
Serous pericarditis is uncommon in all species except
Definition
the dog
Term
What is the typical causative agent of serous pericarditis in dogs
Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Term
What is fibrinous pericarditis
Definition
When fibrin deposits are formed in the pericardium and adhere the two sides of the pericardium to each other
Term
What is the appearance of fibrinous pericarditis
Definition
Wet and shiny appearance is lost, layers adhered together but readily pulled apart
Term
How common is fibrinous pericarditis
Definition
It is the most common form of pericarditis
Term
What are some of the causes of fibrinous pericarditis
Definition
Septicaemia associated with pyrexia and malaise, other fibrinous conditions where fibrin is found on other serosal surfaces such as the joints and peritoneum
Term
What are the three outcomes of fibrinous pericarditis
Definition
Temporary, Permanent focal and permanent diffuse
Term
What happens when fibrinous pericarditis is temporary
Definition
the fibrin is digested
Term
What happens when fibrinous pericarditis is permanent focal
Definition
CO is unaffected as 2 layers can still move relative to each other. Usually an incidental finding
Term
What is the outcome of permanent diffuse fibrinous pericarditis
Definition
Obliteration of the pericardial sac. CO reduced due to restricted movement of the heart
Term
How does purulent pericarditis usually develop
Definition
Starts with fibrinous pericarditis and develops into purulent with the presence of pyogenic bacteria
Term
What is the outcome of purulent pericarditis
Definition
Eventual separation of the two layers and thickening of the pericardial membranes with constriction of the heart due to fluid and the membranes
Term
What is the main cause of purulent pericarditis
Definition
traumatic reticulopericarditis, penetration of the reticulum by a foreign body in cattle
Term
What is the common term used for purulent pericarditis
Definition
Bread and butter pericarditis
Term
What is one of the common bacteria associated with purulent pericarditis is cattle
Definition
Corynebacterium pyogenes
Term
What are the 2 common routes of bacterial invasion in purulent pericarditis in cattle
Definition
traumatic reticulopericarditis or spread from the mediastinum
Term
What associated lesions are found in purulent pericarditis in cattle
Definition
Lesions associated with the trauma: diaphragm, ventral tip of the liver, mediastinum and foreign body tract
Term
What is the prognosis for purulent pericarditis
Definition
Poor, death due to CHF
Term
What is usually the end result of purulent pericarditis
Definition
Congestive heart failure
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