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Perception Ch. 12
Sound localization
14
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
04/28/2013

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Term
Auditory Localization
Definition
The perception of the location of a sound source.
Term
Azimuth
Definition
In hearing, specifies location that vary from left to right relative to the listener.
Term
Interaural time difference (ITD)
Definition
When sound is positioned closer to one ear than to the other, the sound reaches the close ear slightly before reaching the far ear, so there is a difference in the time of arrival at the two ears. The ITD provides a cue for sound localization.
Term
Interaural level difference (ILD)
Definition
The greater level of a sound at the closer ear when a sound source is positioned closer to one ear than to the other. This effect is most pronounced for high-frequency tones. The ILD provides a cue for sound localization.
Term
Acoustic Shadow
Definition
The shadow created by the head that decreases the level of high-frequency sounds on the opposite side of the head. The acoustic shadow is the basis of the localization cue of interaural level difference.
Term
Elevation (monaural cue)
Definition
In hearing, sound locations that are up and down relative to the listener.
Term
Head-related transfer function (HRTF) (Monaural cue)
Definition
The difference between the sound from a source and the sound actually entering the ears that is caused by interaction of the sound with the head and the pinnae. This difference provides a cue for auditory localization because a specific pattern of frequencies is associated with each location in space relative to the listener. There is proof of this from experiments done fitting pieces of clay in the pinnae.
Term
Direct Sound
Definition
Sound that is transmitted directly from a sound source to the ears.
Term
Indirect Sound
Definition
Sound that reaches the ears after being reflected from a surface such as a room's walls.
Term
Fusion
Definition
In hearing, when sounds that are presented simultaneously at two different locations are perceived as one sound coming from a single location.
Term
Precedence
Definition
The effect that occurs when two identical or very similar sounds reach a listener's ears separated by a time interval of less than about 50 to 100 ms, and the listener hears the sound that reaches his or her ears first.
Term
Echo threshold
Definition
The time separation at which two sounds presented at different locations are no longer fused, so two separate sounds are heard. At separations shorter than the echo threshold, the two sound sources are head as one.
Term
Echo supression
Definition
Term
Human echolocation
Definition
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