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PEP 3450 CH 1
structural kinesiology
93
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
09/08/2015

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Term
Anterior/ Posterior
Definition
Front/back
Term
Inferior/Superior
Definition
Below/ above
Term
medial/lateral
Definition
middle/ to the side
Term
distal/ proximal
Definition
Farthest from midline/ closest to midline
Term
supine/prone
Definition
face up/face down
Term
ipsilateral/contralateral
Definition
same side/ opposite side
Term
internal/ external
Definition
inner structure/ outer structure
Term
deep/ superficial
Definition
deep: Brachialis/ superficial: biceps brachi
Term
anteversion
Definition
abnormal or excessive rotation forward of a structure, such as femoral anteversion
EX: Knees pointing inward
Term
retroversion
Definition
abnormal or excessive rotation backward of a structure, such as femoral retroversion
EX: knees pointing outward
Term
kypohosis
Definition
increased curving of spine outward or backward in the sagittal plane
EX: hunch back of notre dame
Term
lordosis
Definition
increased curving of spine inward or forward in the sagittal plane
EX: Bendy back gymnast back
Term
Scoliosis
Definition
lateral curving of the spine
Term
valgus
Definition
outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-knees
EX: inward turned knees
Term
varus
Definition
inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint as in bowlegs
EX: outward turned knees
Term
Range of motion
ROM
Definition
area through which a joint may normally move
measured with a goniometer in degrees 0 to 360
Term
flexion
Definition
bending movment that results in a DECREASE of an angle in joint by bringing bones together, usually in sagittal plane
Term
extension
Definition
straightening movement that results in an INCREASE of an angle in joint by moving bones apart, usually in sagittal plane.
Term
abduction
Definition
lateral movement away from midline of trunk in lateral plane
Term
adduction
Definition
movement medially toward midline of trunk in lateral plane
Term
diagonal abduction
Definition
movement by a limb through a diagonal plane away from midline of body
Term
diagonal addcution
Definition
movement by a limb through a diagonal plane toward and across midline of body.
Term
external rotation
Definition
rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone awy from midline of body
Term
internal rotation
Definition
rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone toward midline of a body
Term
circumduction
Definition
circular movement of a limb that delineates an arc or describes a cone
combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
when shoulder joint and hip joint move in a circular fashion around a fixed point
Term
dorsal flexion
(ankle (talocrural) and foot)
Definition
flexion movement of ankle results in top of foot moving toward anterior tibia
EX: pulling toes upwards
Term
plantar flexion
(ankle (talocrural) and foot)
Definition
extension movement of ankle that results in foot moving away from body
EX: puling toes downwards
Term
Eversion
(ankle and foot *subtalar)
Definition
turning sole of foot outward or laterally
standing with weight on inner edge of foot
Term
inversion
(ankle and foot *subtalar)
Definition
turning sole of foot inward or medially
standing with weight on outer edge of foot
Term
Pronation
(ankle & foot *combined joints)
Definition
a combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction(toe-out)
EX: up and out
Term
Supination
(ankle & foot *combined joints)
Definition
a combination of ankle plantar flexion subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction (toe-in)
EX: down and in
Term
Radioulnar joint
pronation:
Definition
internally rotating radius where it lies diagonally across ulna, resulting in palm-down position of forearm
Term
radioulnar joint
supination:
Definition
externally rotating radius where it lies parallel to ulna, resulting in palm-up position of forearm.
Term
Shoulder (Scapulothoracic) Girdle
depression:
Definition
inferior movement of shoulder girdle
returning to normal position from a shoulder shrug
Term
Shoulder (Scapulothoracic) Girdle
elevation:
Definition
superior movement of shoulder girdle
shrugging shoulders
Term
Shoulder (Scapulothoracic) Girdle
Protraction:
Definition
forward movement of shoulder girdle away from spine
abduction of the scapula
Term
Shoulder (Scapulothoracic) Girdle
retraction:
Definition
Backward movement of shoulder girdle toward spine
adduction of the scapula
Term
Shoulder (Scapulothoracic) Girdle
Rotation Downward:
Definition
Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving medially and downward
Term
Shoulder (Scapulothoracic) Girdle
Rotation Upward:
Definition
Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving laterally and upward
Term
Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
horizonal abduction:
Definition
movement of humerus in horizontal plane away from midline of body
also known as horizontal extension or transverse abduction
Term
Spine
Lateral flexion (side bending)
Definition
movement of head and/ or trunk laterally away from midline
abduction spine
Term
spine:
reduction:
Definition
return of spinal column to anatomic position from lateral flexion
adduction of spine
Term
wrist and hand
palmar flexion(wrist flexion):
Definition
flexion movment of wrist with volar or anterior side of hand moving toward anterior side of forearm
EX: bouncing a basketball
Term
wrist and hand
dorsal flexion(wrist extension):
Definition
extension movement of wrist in the sagittal plane with dorsal or posterior side of hand moving toward posterior side of forearm
EX: stop signal with hand.
Term
wrist and hand
radial flexion (radial deviation):
Definition
abduction movement at wrist of thumb side of hand toward forearm
EX: thumb turns closer to radius
Term
wrist and hand
ulnar flexion:
Definition
adduction movement at wrist of little finger side of hand toward forearm
EX: thumb turns towards ulna
Term
wrist and hand
opposition of the thumb:
Definition
digital movement of thumb across palmar surface of hand to make contact with hand or fingers
EX: katniss everdeen hand signal
Term
wrist and hand
reposition of thumb:
Definition
diagonal movement of the thumb as it returns to the anatomical position from opposition with the hand and or fingers
EX: position thumb back to normal position
Term
planes of motion:
Definition
sagittal plane: anteroposterior, frontal axis
frontal (coronal) plane: medial/lateral, sagittal axis
transverse plane: horizontal, vertical axis
Term
Axis:
Definition
sagittal: anteroposterior
frontal: mediolateral
vertical: longitudinal
Term
physiological movements:
Definition
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation
occur by bones moving through planes of motion about an axis of rotation at joint
Term
osteokinematic motion:
Definition
resulting motion of bones relative to 3 cardinal planes from these physiological movements
Term
Physiological movements
Definition
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, & rotation
occur by bones moving through planes of motion about an axis of rotation at joint
Term
osteokinematic motion
Definition
resulting motion of bones relative to 3 cardinal planes from these physiological movements
occur there must be movement between the joint articular surfaces
Term
Arthrokinematics
Definition
motion between articular surfaces – accessory motion
Term
arthrokinematics
3 accessory motions
Definition
-spin
-roll
-glide
Term
Concave-Convex Rules
Definition
1. All synovial joints may be classified as either concave or convex. Cartilage alters the surfaces that appear to be flat. More will be on the center to make the convex surface and conversely more lines the perimeters in the concave.
2. Roll always follows the direction of the bone movement.
3. To determine the direction of the glide movement however, we need to know the shapes of the joint surfaces and which surface is stationary and which surface is moving.
a. When the concave surface is stationary and the convex surface is moving, the gliding movement in the joint occurs in the opposite direction to the roll, and consequently opposite to the direction of the bone
b. When the convex surface is stationary and the concave surface is moving, the gliding movement in the joint occurs in the same direction as the roll and the bone.
Term
Total Number of Bones?
Definition
206=Axial (80) + Appendicular (126)
Term
Five Functions of Skeleton
Definition
1: Support/Framework-Maintain posture
2: Protection of organs:Skull:brain, eyes; thoracic cage & shoulder girdle.
3:Movement:lever: muscle &bones, locomotion, movement patterns, ROM limitations.
4: Storage: minerals, fat. Calcium and phosphorus and potassium. Ca: muscle contraction, blood clotting, movement of ions and nutrients across cell membranes. K activities of nucleic acids DNA and RNa and ATP.
5:Hemopoiesis: blood formation-red marrow in vertebral bodies, femur, humerus, ribs and sternum. Newborn: all bone marrow red. Increasing age cell production decreases, bone marrow changes red to yellow. Yellow marrow consists of adipocytes.
Term
Types of Bone: Long Bone
Definition
longitudinal axis, expanded ends
EX: humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpal, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
expanded ends
articular cartilage
articular surface
Term
Epiphyseal plate
Definition
GROWTH PLATE
Hyaline cartilage
calcified at maturity
Term
Diaphysis- Shaft
Definition
Compact bone: wall
medullary cavity: contains yellow marrow
Term
Periosteum
Definition
covering outside wall
Term
Endosteum
Definition
Covers inside wall
thin membrane of medullary cavity
Term
Short bone
Definition
cube like bones; nearly equal in length and width. Large articular surface, provide shock absorption
EX: wrists, ankle
Term
Flat bone
Definition
broad surface, provide protection.
EX: rib, skull, scapula
Term
irregular bone
Definition
irregular shapes, connected to several others
EX: Vertebra, facial bones, ishium, maxilla
Term
Sesamoid
Definition
round, small. imbedded in tendon as result of development of tendon. act to protect tendon from excessive wear-change angle of tendon prior to insertion.
EX: patella, metatarsophalangeal,
Term
Cortical bone
Definition
low porosity 5-30%; stiffer and can withstand GREATER stress but LESS strain than cancellous.
Term
Cancellous
Definition
spongier and can undergo GREATER strain before fracturing
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
bone FORMING cells
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
bone DESTROYING cells
Term
osteocyte
Definition
mature bone cell
Term
Bone growth
Definition
1. formation of initial bone collar. formation of periosteum and bone collar.
2. cartilage calcification at the diaphysis. chondrocytes enlarge, cartilage calcifies
3. invasion of blood vessels
4. epiphysis growth: formation of medullary cavity.
5. ossification of epiphyses
Term
What age do plates disappear and close?
Definition
most close at 18 but some may be present until 25
Term
Bone growth WIDTH
Definition
growth in diameter continues throughout life. internal layer of perisoteum builds new concentric layers on old layers. simultaneously, bone around sides of medullary cavity is resorbed so diameter continually increased.
osteoblasts; new bone
osteoclasts; resorb old bone
Term
remodeling
Definition
bone mineral density reaches peak @ 25-28 women. 30-35 men. Pogressive decline in BMD throughout life.
Term
osteopenia
Definition
condition of reduced bone mineral density
T score -1 to -2.5)
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
condition which abnormally large amount of calcium is lost from bones
T score < -2.5
Term
Female Athlete triad
Definition
altered menstrual function and bone atrophy
amonrrhea or osteoporosis
Term
micro trauma
Definition
overuse injuries result from chronic repetitive overtraining
Term
Stress Reactions
Definition
maladaptive areas of bone HYPERACTIVITY where resorption exceeds deposition
Term
Fracture
Definition
disruption in continuity of bone
Term
stress fracture
Definition
fine hairline break in bone
Term
bone atrophy
Definition
decrease in bone mass resulting form predominance of osteoclast activity; occurs when normal stress removed
Term
bone hypertrophy
Definition
increase bone mass result from predominance of osteoblast activity; occurs in response to mechanical stress
muscle exert tensile stress
gravity provides compressive force
Term
Wolf's Law
Definition
bone adapts according to type of stress placed upon. increased loading bone will remodel over time and become stronger; external cortical portion of bones become thicker
Term
Synarthrodial(Fibrous)
Definition
Suture(immovable) found in skull
Gomphosis: socket of tooth
Term
Amphiarthrodial(fibrous, Cartilagenous)
Definition
slightly movable.
3 types:
Syndemosis: help by strong ligamentous structures allow minimal mvmt between bones: coracoclavicular joint.
Symphysis:separated by fibrocartilage pad allows slight movement between bones EX: pubis symphysis- intervertebral disks
synchondrosis: separated by hyaline cartilage allows very slight mvmt. costochondral joints ribs and sternum
Term
Diarthrodial(synovial)
Definition
Freely movable. has sleevelike covering( joint capsule)@ bony ends which form joints. ALL SYNOVIAL. Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity.
EX: arthrodial, condyloidal, enarthrodial, ginglymus, sellar, trochoidal.
Term
Hyaline cartilage
Definition
covers articular surface ends of bones inside the joint cavity
-absorb shock
-protects bone
slowly absorbs synovial fluid during joint unloadin or distraction
secretes synovial fluid during subsequent weight bearing and compression maintaining and utilizing joint through normal
Term
six types of diarthrodial joints
Definition
gliding: vertebral facets in spinal column, intercarpal. Motions- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal adduction and abduction (circumduction)
hinge(ginglymus): uniaxial articulation: allows motion on only one plane: elbow, knee, talocrural(ankle)
pivot:(Trochoid) Ex: Radioulnar joint
condyloid:Ellipsoid:oval concave surface w/ another bone w/ an oval conves surface(knuckle joint) Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
ball and socket:Enarthrodial:Hip and shoulder. Motions: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, horizontal add and abd, rotation, and circumduction.
saddle:Sellar:2 reciprocally concave and convex surfaces EX: first caropmetacarpal joint @ thumb MOtions: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction and slight rotation.
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