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PD 362 Test 2
Chapters 9 and 10
38
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
05/18/2008

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Normal Glucose level in the brain   \
Definition
100 mOsM
Term
Paracrine secretion by Astrocytes makes...
Definition
tight junctions.  Virtually impenetrable links between to cell membranes.
Term
Two portions of the brain that are specialized w/o tight junctions to be incontact with the blood
Definition

1. Posterior Pituitary- releases neurosecretory hormones into the blood

2. Vomitting center in the medulla, toxic substance levels (in the blood) rise, signal throw-up 

Term
Gray matter nuclei
Definition
clusters of cell bodies
Term
Three tracts-long projections of white matter that connect different parts of the CNS
Definition

1. Ascending-mostly sensory from spine

2. Descending- mostly efferent from brain to spine

3.Propriospinal tracts-remain in spinal cord 

Term
Autonomic Neuron cell bodies located?
Definition
lateral to the grey matter
Term
Different portions of Spinal white matter
Definition

Dorsal=somatic sensory

Ventral and Lateral= sensory information to and from the brain 

Term
Parallel Processing
Definition
Single Function can be carried out by more than one region of the brain.
Term
plasticity
Definition
some functions of the brain can be taken over by other portions of original portion is damaged.
Term
Three functional specializations of the brain (not neccessarily corelated with any anatomical lobe)
Definition

1.Sensory areas: direct peception, afferent

2. Motor areas: direcy movemnet, send/recieve effer.

3. Association areas: integrate info. voluntary behaviors. 

Term

Location of sensory perception

 

1.Primary somatic sensory cortex

2. Visual Cortex

3. Auditory cortex

4. Olfactory cortex

5. Gustatory cortex 

Definition

1. First part of parietal lobe, behind central sulcus

2. Occipital lobe

3. Temporal Lobe

4. small region of temporal lobe

5. Parietal lobe 

Term
Perception
Definition
Brains interpretation of sensory stimuli
Term
Cerebral Lateralization
Definition
Each lobe developed special functions not shared by other lobes
Term
Regulator of emotion
Definition

Amygdala

associated with limbic system 

Term
Center for Memory
Definition
hippocampus (nucleus is in the interior of the cerebrum)
Term
Anterograde Amnesia
Definition
inability to remember newly acquired information
Term

Location of Wernickes Area

damage causes 

Definition

Temporal Lobe

Receptive Aphasia=nonsensical speech, inability to understand sensory input 

Term

Location of Broca's area

Damage causes 

Definition

Frontal lobe

Expressive aphasia, inability to respond in normal syntax, inability to coordinate recieved input 

Term
Damage to motor cortex
Definition
Mechanical aphasia, unable to physically shape sounds to make words or muscles to write
Term
Simplest somatic sensory receptors
Definition

Somatosensory receptors

have either naked nerve endings, or encased in some sort of connective tissue. 

Term
Midbrain processes what information
Definition
Visual information
Term
Sound and taste are processed in...
Definition
the medulla oblongata
Term
What infomation is not processed in the hypothalamus?
Definition
Olfactory, direct connection to cerebrum links odors with specific memories/emotions
Term
Perceptual threshold
Definition
level of stimulus intensity required for perception
Term
What determines the senstivity to a stimulus?
Definition
size of the secondary receptive field
Term
Receptor Potential
Definition
resultant change in the receptors membrane potential
Term
Stimulus intensity is coded by two things
Definition

1. Number of receptors activated

2. Frequency of AP's coming from receptors 

Term

Two types of receptor stimulation

 

Definition

1. Tonic= fire constantly (ex. pressure baroreceptors)monitor things that need contin. eval.

2. Phasic-rapidly addapting receptors  (ex. sense of smell) bump on a table analogy, respond best to change

Term
four somatosensory modalities
Definition

1. Touch-pressure

2. Temperature

3. Proprioception

4. Nociception 

Term
Secondary neurons in the Spinal cord (cross body in spinal cord)
Definition

1. Temperature

2. Nociception 

Term
Secondary neurons in the Medulla (cross body in the medulla)
Definition

1. Touch-pressure

2. Proprioception 

Term
Pacinian Corpuscle
Definition

Respond best to high frequency vibrations, and deep pressure touch.

-Found in subcutaneous layers of skin, and visceral organs

-Concentric layers of connective tissue=large receptive field

-Phasic Receptor, change in touch

-transduced through tissue, opens mech. gated channels. 

Term
Two types of afferent pain signals and what they are carried by
Definition

1. Fast pain= sharp, local

carried by small myelinated A-delta fibers

2. Slow pain= duller, diffuse

small, unmyelinated C fibers 

Term
Receptors for pain, what type of nerve ending?
Definition
naked, tissue injury releases chemicals that stimulate nociceptors, K+, histamine, prostoglandins, serotonin, substance P
Term
Three targets of ascending Nociception
Definition

1. Limbic system-emotion

2. Hypothalamus- autonomic response

3. Sensory area of cortex, percieves pain 

Term
Gated Theory of Pain modulation
Definition
A-fibers from nonirritant somatic receptors synapse on inhibitory neurons enhancing inhibitory activity (elbow rub)
Term
ischemia
Definition
low oxygen from poor blood flow
Term
Referred pain
Definition
Multiple primary sensory neurons converge on a single ascending tract (kidney pain expressed as lower back skin irritation)
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