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PATHORYANT1/1OF2
PATHORYANT1/1OF2
134
Pathology
Graduate
01/09/2010

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Which hormone controls Calcium balance?
Definition
PTH
Term
These stimulate the release of Cortisol and ACTH
Definition
Cytokines
Term
Of the main classes, these 2 are lipid soluble hormones
Definition
steriods & thronines
Term

Of the main classes, these 2 are water soluble hormones

Definition
Polypeptides & Catecholamines
Term
Hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland
Definition
Oxytocin & ADH
Term
Pituitary gland is located on the ____ of the sphenoid bone?
Definition
sella turcica
Term

ACTH, Estradiol, Testosterone, T4, and T3 are lipid soluble?

T or F?

Definition
True
Term

Insulin, PTH, Glucagon, TSH, LH, FSH, EPI and Norepi are lipid soluble?

T or F?

Definition

False- they are water soluble

ACTH is both water/lipid soluble

Term
BMR (basal metabolic rate) is controlled by ____ hormones
Definition
thyroid
Term
What 2 systems control & integrate all systems within the human body?
Definition
Endocrine & CNS
Term
What kind of feedback system controls the RAS (renin-angiotensin system)?
Definition
None- it is an INDEPENDENT system
Term
As you eat food and your glucose rises, the pancreas will release ___?
Definition
insulin
Term
When insulin is released into your blood, your liver will respond by?
Definition
taking up the glucose and storing it as glycogen
Term
What signals the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin?
Definition
Hypothalamus in response to suckling of baby
Term
Will oxytocin inc or dec milk ejection from mammary gland?
Definition
increase
Term
Cortisol and ACTH are at their highest levels at what time of day?
Definition
Morning
Term
3 main types of diseases of the endocrine system?
Definition

1. hormone deficiency

2. hormone excess

3. target cell receptor resistance

Term
The pituitary gland is also known as the?
Definition
hypopheseal
Term
The anterior pituitary is aka?
Definition
Adenohypophysis
Term
the three parts of the adenohypophysis are?
Definition

1. pars distalis- most of lobe (secretes tropic hors)

2. pars intermedia- bw distalis and neural lobe(post pit)

3. pars tuberalis- made up by secretory cells, extends to hypothalamus

 

Term
the posterior pituitary is aka?
Definition
neurohypophysis
Term
the 4 parts of the neurohypophysis (post pit)are?
Definition

1. median eminence- loc below 3rd ventricle

2. infundibular stem- neural stalk

3. pars nervosa-connected to diencephalon (the part of the brain that contains thalamus, hypothal, and post pit)

4. magnocellular neurosecretory system- unmylenated nerves from supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Term
The Blood supply to the pituitary gland is called
Definition
the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
Term
the 2 types of granulated cells in the anterior pituitary lobe?
Definition
acidophils and basophils
Term
ACTH targets the ____ and increase secretion of ___
Definition
ATH acts on the adrenal cortex
increases secretion of glucocorticoids
Term
Prolactin targets the ____ glands and increases milk ____
Definition
targets mammary glands and sex organs
increases milk production
Term
TSH targets the ____ gland and increases secretion of _____ hormones
Definition
thyroid and thyroid hormones
Term
FSH targets the ____ and increases ___ and ____ production
Definition
gonads
increases gametes and estrogen production
Term
LH targets the ___ and increases secretion of ___ hormones
Definition
gonads
increases secretion of sex hormones
Term
MSH targets the ____ and its action deals with ____
Definition
Melanocytes
Pigmentation
Term
TSH, FSH, and LH are all regulated by what hormone?
Definition
GnRH
Term
Which hormone is reduced by glucocorticoids?
Definition
ACTH
Term
Which hormone is increased by CRH?
Definition
ACTH
Term
Which hormone is reduced by Somatostatin?
Definition
GH
Term
Which hormone is reduced by thyroid hormones?
Definition
TSH
Term
which hormone is reduced by cortisol?
Definition
MSH
Term
which hormone is reduced by inhibin?
Definition
FSH
Term
besides stimulating the adrenal cortex to synthesis corticosteroids, ACTH also stimulates synthesis of?
Definition
sex steroids- androgens and estrogens
Term
the half-life of ACTH in human blood is about?
Definition
10 minutes
Term
Growth Hormone (GH) is aka?
Definition
somatomedian and STH (somatotropic hormone)
Term
Besides GHRH, what other conditions can stimulate the synthesis of Groth Hormone?
Definition
HYPOglycemia
Fasting
Starvation
Exercise
ADH
Dopamine
Alpha-adrenergic drugs
Term
Besides Somatostatin, what other conditions inhibit synthesis of GH?
Definition
HYPERglycemia
cortisol
pregnancy
obesity
Beta-adrenergic drugs
Term
GH effect on muscle includes a ___ of glucose uptake
Definition
decrease
Term
GH effect on the liver includes a/an ____ in gluconeogenesis
Definition
increase- produces more glucose
Term
GH effect on adipose tissue & muscle includes a ___ in glucose uptake
Definition
decrease
Term
Does GH increase or decrease lipolysis in adipose tissue?
Definition
increases
Term
estrogen and ___ stimulate breast development
Definition
prolactin
Term
TRH controls production of TSH and is manufactured in the?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
Somatostatin is produced in the ____ and has a ___ effect on TSH from ant. pituitary
Definition
hypothalamus
decreasing/inhibitory
Term

In the ovary, FSH stimulates growth of immature ___ to maturation.

As the ___ grows, it releases ____ which shuts off FSH production.

Definition
graafian follicle
INHIBIN
Term

In men, FSH enhances the production of _____-binding protein by the ___cells of the testes.

it is critical for spermatogenesis!

Definition
androgen-binding protein
Sertoli cells of the testes
Term
an acute rise of LH (LH surge) triggers what in females?
Definition
ovulation NOT MENSTRATION!
Term
LH in men stimulates the Leydig cells to produce?
Definition
testosterone
Term
Insulin increases or decreases ADH?
Definition
increases- stimulates
Term
ADH is aka?
Definition
vasopressin
Term
beta-cholinergic and beta-adrenergic drugs inc or dec ADH?
Definition
increase
Term
does DM (diabetes) increase or decrease ADH?
Definition
increases
Term
Diabetes Insipidus increases or decreases ADH?
Definition
decreases- inhibits ADH
Term
does ethanol stimulate or inhibit ADH?
Definition
inhibits
Term
does CHF stimulate or inhibit ADH?
Definition
stimulates!
Term
the major site of action of ADH is?
Definition
cells of the medullary collecting ducts of the kidneys
Term
Oxytocin: milk secretion or let down?
Definition
let down
Term
what hormones is usually lost first in HYPOpituitarism?
Definition
growth hormone- then gonadotropins, and finally TSH and ACTH
Term
Panhypopituitarism is?
Definition
all hormones are deficient
Term
lack of LH and FSH leads to what in children?
Definition
delayed puberty
Term
TSH deficiency in adults can lead to what symptoms?
Definition
HYPOthyroidism- facial puffy, hoarse voice, bradycardia, and cold intolerance
Term
ACTH deficiency leads to these sxs?
Definition
HYPOADRENALISM with fatigue, HYPOTENSION, and intolerance to stress and infection
Term

ACTH deficiency results in the HYPERpigmentation characteristic of primary adrenal failure.

T or F?

Definition
False
Term

HYPOTHALMIC LESIONS: can result in HYPOpituitarism and cause sxs of anorexia nervosa or HYPERphagia and massive obesity.

True or False

Definition
True
Term
Sheehans Syndrome affects mostly whom?
Definition
POSTpartum women
Term
Pituitary Necrosis from hypovolemia and shock occurring in the immediate peripartum period is called?
Definition
Sheehans Syndrome
Term
Caused by HEMORRHAGIC INFARCTION of either a normal pituitary gland, or more commonly, a PITUITARY TUMOR?
Definition
PITUITARY APOPLEXY
SSX:
severe HA
stiff neck
fever
visual field defects
oculomotor palsies

CAUTION: the resulting EDEMA may compress the HYPOTHALAMUS, resulting in somnolence of COMA!!!

DX: CSF often has blood, and an MRI will document a hemorrhage
Term
PITUITARY APOPLEXY can present with vascular collapse due to deficiencies of these two hormones:
Definition
ACTH AND CORTISOL
Term
IF GH HYPERSECRETION BEGINS IN CHILDHOOD IT RESULS IN?
Definition
PITUITARY GIANTISM
Term
GIANTISM AND ACROMEGALY ARE NEARLY ALWAYS CAUSE BY A PITUITARY ____
Definition
ADENOMA
Term
GH HYPERSECRETION AFTER THE CLOSURE OF THE EPIPHYSIS RESULTS IN ____
Definition
ACROMEGALY
Term
WHAT VISUAL DEFECT CAN BE SEEN IN ACROMEGALY DUE TO SUPRASELLAR EXTENSION COMPRESSING THE OPTIC CHIASM?
Definition
BITEMPORAL HEMIANOPIA
Term
GH INCREASES TUBULAR REABSORPTION OF PHOSPHATE AND CAN LEAD TO MILD _______ SEEN IN ACROMEGALY PTS.
Definition
HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA..DUH
Term
WHAT CAN BE MEASURED IN ACROMEGALY THAT DOES NOT FLUCTUATE LIKE GH LEVELS DO? IT IS THE SIMPLEST WAY TO ASSESS GH HYPERSECRETION
Definition
IGF-1 LEVELS
CAN ALSO BE MEASURED TO MONITOR THERAPY RESPONSIVENESS
Term
PITUITARY TUMORS MAKE UP WHAT PERCENT OF INTRACRANIAL TUMORS?
Definition
10%
Term
ARE MOST PITUITARY TUMORS BENIGN?
Definition
YES
Term
WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF PITUITARY TUMORS? AND WHICH IS MOST COMMON IN CHILDREN?
Definition
1. ADENOMAS
2.CRANIOPHARYNGIOMAS: MOST COMMON IN KIDS
3.MENINGIOMAS
Term

PITUITARY TUMORS CAN LEAD TO AN EXCESS OR INSUFFICIENCY OF HORMONES.

T OR F

Definition
TRUE
EXCESS= ACROMEGALY, CUSHINGS DISEASE, HYPERPROLACTINEMIA
INSUFFICIENT= DUE TO DESTRUCTION OF GLAND CELLS- HYPOPITUITARISM
Term
MOST COMMON PITUITARY TUMOR IS?
Definition
PROLACTINOMA- WOMEN COMPLAIN OF AMENORRHEA AND GALACTORRHEA

DONT CONFUSE WITH ADENOMAS WHICH IS MOST COMMON PITUITARY TUMOR THAT CAUSES GIANTISM AND ACROMEGALY
Term
SOMATOTROPIC ADENOMA WITH HYPERSECRETION OF GH LEADS TO:
Definition
GIANTISM (BEFORE CLOSURE) AND ACROMEGALY (AFTER CLOSURE OF PLATE)
Term
HYPERSECRETION OF ACTH WILL LEAD TO THIS DISEASE CAUSED BY A CORTICOTROPIC ADENOMA (ON ADRENAL GLAND)
Definition
CUSHINGS DZ
SSX:
reduced glucose tolerance
purple straie
moon face
buffalo hump
central obesity
muscle wasting & weakness
HTN!!!
Term

CUSHINGS DZ LEADS TO A DECREASE IN GLUCOSE TOLERANCE

T OR F

Definition
TRUE
Term

DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR CUSHINGS DZ

 

Definition
DEZAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION TEST (DST)
Term
 A HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY DISORDER THAT LEADS TO A DEFICIENCY OF ADH WILL RESULT IN THIS CONDITION
Definition
CENTRAL DIABETES INSIPIDIS
Term
THE SYNDROME OF INCREASED ADH SECRETION IS WRITTEN:
Definition
SIADH
Term
THE TWO TYPES OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS ARE:
Definition
CENTRAL AND NEPHROGENIC
Term
THE 3 P'S OF DI ARE:
Definition
POLYURIA-EXCESSIVE URINATION
POLYPHAGIA-EXCESSIVE HUNGER
POLYDIPSIA- EXCESSIVE THIRST
Term
MANAGEMENT OF DI INCLUDES THESE 3:
Definition
DESMOPRESSIN- dDAVP****
CHLORPROPAMID- ADH RELEASING DRUG
THAIZIDE DIURETICS
Term
RESISTANCE OF THE KIDNEYS TO ADH IS THE DEFINITION OF THIS DZ
Definition
NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS
Term
TO DISTINGUISH CDI FROM NDI YOU WOULD?
Definition
CHECK ADH LEVELS AND THE RESPONSE OF ADH LEVELS TO EXOGENOUS ADH

CENTRAL- DEFICIENCY OF ADH- LEVELS WILL BE LOW
NEPHROGENIC- RESISTANCE OF KIDNEYS TO ADH- LEVELS OF ADH WILL BE MORE NORM OR INCREASED
Term
THE ONLY SXS IN PRIMARY CDI ARE 2 OF THE P'S:
Definition
POLYDIPSIA-THIRST
POLYURIA-URINATION

NOT POLYPHAGIA
Term

PATIENTS WITH CDI WILL BE ABLE TO CONCENTRATE THEIR URINE AFTER VASOPRESSIN ADMINISTRATION

 

PATIENTS WITH NDI ARE UNABLE TO CONCENTRATE URINE AND SHOW NO RESPONSE TO VASOPRESSIN ADMINISTRATION

Definition
Term
DAILY URINARY SODIUM EXCRETION > 20 mEq/L is DX for?
Definition
SIADH
Term
THE BIGGEST CONCERN WITH SIADH (OVER SECRETION OF ADH) WOULD BE?
Definition
HYPONATREMIA THAT CAN RESULTS IN SEIZURES AND COMA/DEATH.
Term
INITIATES THE SYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONES AND STIMULATES THEIR RELEASE:
Definition
EPITHELIAL CELLS
Term
WHERE TEH HORMONES OF THYROID ARE SYNTHSIZED AND STORED:
Definition
COLLOID MATERIAL
Term

THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONES:

1. TRAPPING OF _____ FROM THE BLOODSTREAM

2. OXIDATION OF _____ TO ____

3. ORGANIFICATION OF _____INTO ____ AND ____- INCORPORATED INTO A ____MOLECULE

4. COUPLING OF IODINATED PRECURSORS INTO ___ AND ___

5. STORAGE IN THE ______

6. HORMONE RELEASE- STIMULATED BY ____

Definition
1. IODIDE
2. IODIDE TO IODINE
3.ORGANIFICATION OF IODINE INTO MIT AND DIT- INCORP INTO TYROSINE MOLECULE
4. COUPLING OF IODINATED PRECURSORS- INTO T3 AND T4
5. STORAGE- IN THE THYROGLOBULIN
6. TSH
Term

APPROX TEN TIMES MORE ___ IS PRODUCED THAN ___ (THYROID)

BUT ___ IS 3-4X MORE POTENT

 

 

BOTH CIRCULATE MOSTLY BOUND TO ____ PROTEINS

 

AND ONLY THE FREE ____ OF CIRCULATING T4 AND T3 ARE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE

 

ALTERATIONS OF BINDING PROTEIN LEVELS AFFECT ___T4 AND T3, BUT NOT FREE T4 AND T3

Definition
T4 PRODUCED MORE THAN T3
T3 IS MORE POTENT

CIRCULATE BOUND TO PLASMA PROTEINS

FREE FRACTIONS

AFFECT TOTAL T4 AND T3, NOT FREE T4 AND T3
Term
THYROID HORMONES HAVE EFFECTS ON CELLULAR____, CELLULAR ____ AND ENERGY _____
Definition
CELLULAR GROWTH& DEVELOPMENT
AND ENERGY METABOLISM
Term
THYROID HORMONES ARE MOST IMPORTANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ____, WITHOUT THEM IT CAN LEAD TO MENTAL RETARDATION PRESNT AT BIRTH
Definition
CNS
Term
A CONDITION IN WHICH THE THYROID GLAND IS ABSENT OR DEFECTIVE OR IT IS PRESENT BUT DEFECTIVE IN HORMONE SECRETION
Definition
CONGENITAL CRETINISM
Term
MOST CASES OF JUVENILE HYPOTHYROIDISM/ ACQUIRED CRETINISM ARE A RESULTS OF
Definition
ATROPHY OF THE THYROID GLAND OR DEFECTIVE FUNCTION DUE TO AN OPERATION!
Term
THE MOST SENSITIVE AND BEST INDICATOR OF THYROID FUNCTION IS
Definition
TSH LEVELS
Term
ACCORDING TO A THYROID FUNCTION TEST: IN HYPOTHYROIDISM, THE SERUM TSH LEVELS WILL BE INC OR DEC?
Definition
INCREASED
Term
ACCORDING TO A THYROID FUNCTION TEST: IN HYPERTHYROIDISM THE SERUM TSH LEVELS WILL BE INC OR DEC?
Definition
DECREASED.
Term

STATE OF THYROID HORMONE EXCESS IS CALLED?

MOSTLY DUE TO?

Definition
THYROTOXICOSIS
DUE TO SUPPLEMENTAL THYROID HORMONE INGESTION:REPLACEMENT THERAPY
Term
STATE OF THYROID HORMONE EXCESS RESULTING FROM EXCESSIVE THYROID GLAND FUNCTION IS CALLED?
Definition
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Term

HYPERTHYROIDISM CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

AN EXAMPLE OF PRIMARY WOULD BE GRAVES DISEASE, GOITER,ADENOMA, THYROID CANCER, OR IODINE EXCESS

 

WHAT WOULD BE AN EXAMPLE OF A CAUSE OF SECONDARY?

Definition
TSH- SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA
OVARIAN TUMOR CONTAINING ECTOPIC THYROID TISSUE
Term
WHAT IS THE #1 CAUSE OF PRIMARY HYPERTHYROIDISM?
Definition
GRAVES DIASEASE
Term
DISEASE CAUSED BY AN AUTOANTIBODY AGAINST THE THYROID TSH RECEPTOR
Definition
GRAVES DISEASE- THIS AUTOANTIBODY WILL CAUSE AN OVERPRODUCTION OF T4 AND T3 BECAUSE IT IS BLOCKING THE RECEPTOR SITE AND THEREFORE THE BODY THINKS T4 AND T3 ARE NOT REACHING THEIR DESTINATION. IT WILL OVER PRODUCE TO INCREASE THE CHANCE THAT THEY REACH THE RECEPTOR.
Term
PRETIBIAL MYXEDEMA IS SEEN IN THIS DISEASE
Definition
GRAVES DISEASE
ALONG WITH EXOPTHALMOS
Term
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A TOXIC NODULAR GOITER AND A GRAVES DISEASE GOITER IS THAT IN THE TOXIC NODULAR GOITER IT IS ____ AND THE GRAVES ONE IS MORE ____
Definition
TNG IS MULTINODULAR
GRAVES IS MORE DIFFUSE
Term

1. GRAVES DISEASE

2. TOXIC NODULAR GOITER

3. TOXIC ADENOMA

4. THYROID PILLS

ARE ALL MAJOR CAUSES OF:

Definition
THYROTOXICOSIS
Term
THE INITIAL PHYSICAL PRESENTATION OF A TOXIC NODULAR GOITER WOULD BE
Definition
DYSRHYTHMIA AND HEART FAILURE
Term

A GOITER CAN BE SEEN IN HYPOTHYROIDISM

T OR F

Definition
TRUE
Term
IF LEFT UNTREATED, CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM (CRETINISM) WILL LEAD TO ____
Definition
MENTAL RETARDATION
Term

CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM (CRETINISM)

HASHIMOTOS THYROIDITIS

IODINE DEFICIENCY

IODINE DEFICIENCY

THYROIDECTOMY

ALL ALL EXAMPLES OF DAMAGE TO THE THYROID GLAND AND ARE CLASSIFIED AS:

Definition
PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
Term

HYPOPITUITARISM

HYPOTHALAMIC DZ

ALL LEAD TO A DEFICIENCY OF TSH SECRETION FROM TEH PITUITARY AND THEREFORE A REDUCTION IN THYROID HORMON, THEY ARE THEREFORE CLASSIFIED AS:

Definition
SECONDARY HYPOTHYRIODISM CAUSES
Term
THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM IN THE US IS
Definition
HASHIMOTOS THYROIDITIS
Term
ANTITHYROGLOBULIN AND ANTI-TPO ANTIBODIES ARE USEFUL SEROLOGIC MARKERS IN THIS DISEASE
Definition
HASHIMOTOS
Term
TO DISTINGUISH BW BENIGN AND MALIGNANT THYROID LESIONS YOU MUST OBTAIN A SAMPLE BY
Definition
FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION
Term
THE MOST COMMON BENIGN LESIONS FORMING A SINGLE THYROID NODULE IS A 
Definition
THYROID ADENOMA- USUALLY RESULTING FROM CLONES OF FOLLICULAR CELLS
Term
WHY ARE MOST PTS WITH THYROID NODULES EUTHYROID AND WHAT DOES EUTHYROID MEAN?
Definition
EUTHYROID- STATE OF HAVING NORMAL THYROID GLAND FUNCTION
THEY MAINTAIN NORMAL FUNCTION BECAUSE THE NODULES/ ADENOMAS DO NOT CONCENTRATE IODINE VERY WELL AND THEREFORE DO NOT ACTIVELY FORM THYROID HORMONE.
HORMONE PRODUCTION REMAINS NORMAL- NOT INC OR DECREASED
Term

MOST COLD THYROID SCANS ARE CARCINOMAS, HOT ARE NOT!

THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF THYROID CARCINOMA IS?

AND THE ONE WITH THE WORST PROGNOSIS IS?

 

WHAT ARE THE OTHER 2 TYPES CALLED?

Definition
PAPILLARY WITH 90% CURE RATE- MOST COMMON
ANAPLASTIC IS POOREST PROGNOSIS

FOLLICULAR AND MEDULLARY ARE THE OTHER TWO
Term
A POTENTIALLY FATAL COMPLICATION OF HYPERTHYROIDISM IS CALLED A?
Definition
THYROID STORM- PRECIPITATED BY AN EVENT LIKE SURGERY OR INFECTION
VERY RARE
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