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Pathophysiology
Questions from the book for test 1
42
Pathology
Undergraduate 2
09/30/2012

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Term

What is Pathophysiology?

 

Definition
The study of functional changes that occur in the body as a result of injury, disorder, or disease. It is ofter referred to as the study of mechanisms of disease.
Term

What is structure? 

 

Definition
Structure is how the human body is put together, including the component parts and the location of these parts. 
Term
What is function?
Definition
Function is concerned with how these component parts operate together.
Term
What is disease?
Definition
Disease is the functional impairment of cells, tissues, organs or organ systems. 
Term
What is a syndrome?
Definition
A syndrome is a specific condition with a recognizable, predictable pattern.
Term
What is the begining of a disease called?
Definition
Pathogenesis, which is studied to prevent disease from occuring or faciltate early diagnosis. 
Term
What is etiology?
Definition
Etiology is the precise cause of a disease,  which is sometimes identifiable. An etiology can sometimes be mutifactorial, meaning it has many causes. When there is no cause, the etiology is said to be ideopathic.
Term
What is a pathogen?
Definition
A pathogen is a disease causing microorganism.
Term
What is noscomical disease?
Definition
Noscomical disease is when an disease is the rusult of exposure to infection in the healthcare environment.
Term
Iatrogenic disease?
Definition
Disease which is the inadvertant result of medical treatment. Ex. UTI because of a catheter.
Term
What is a manifestation that is found directly at the site of the disease and is confined to a specific area?
Definition
Local signs and symptoms.
Term
What is a systemic manifestation of signs and symptoms?
Definition
Systemic manifestations are presented throughout the body and are not confined to one area such as kethargy and headaches.
Term
What is an acute manifestation?
Definition
An acute manifestation is  a symptoms of disease that begins abruptly and that dissapates in a few days, weeks or months. An example of this is the common cold.
Term
What is the disease classified as if it lasts longer than six months, has a gradual onset and have a remission (symptom free period)?
Definition
A chronic disease.
Term
What does the term Subacute signify?
Definition
Subacute is a classification used to designate diseases which fall between an acute and chronis disease.
Term
What does the term asymptomatic signify?
Definition
Asymptomatic referres to a condition which onsets but does not have any symptoms.
Term
What is epidemology?
Definition

Epidemology is the study of disease in populations. It comprises:

1) the recognition of where the disease spread

2) the recognition of who is most effected 

3) Why the disease is presenting itself within the population and;

4) How to reduce the spread of disease, reduce mobidity.

Term
What is the incidence of a disease?
Definition
The incidence of a disease is the rate of occurace of a disease at any given time.
Term
What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
Definition
An epidemic is an increase of a disease in a population where a pandemic is a rapid increase of disease across continants. 
Term
Describe all the different types of disease prevention.
Definition

Primary prevention stops a disease from occuring, like wearing a helmet so you don't hit your noggin.

Secondary Prevention is screening for illnesses for early treatment such as pap smears.

Teritiary Prevention is the rehabilitation of a patient after the detection of disease. It focuses on preventing complications related to the disease.

Term
Explain the relation between organs, tissues and cells.
Definition

Organs are fully differenciated body parts with specialized functions.

Tissues are groups of different cell types that combine to form a specialized function (organ)

Cells are the basic units that make up tissues and the sites where changes in structure and function lead to symptoms of disease in individuals.

Term
What is phagocytosis?
Definition
Phagocytosis is the process of the process of ingesting large particles such as cells, bacteria and damaged cellular componants resulting in the release of cellular free radicals.
Term
What is proliferation?
Definition
Proliferation is the increase of cell number.
Term
What is cell Differenciation?
Definition
Differenciation is the ability of the cell to transform into different types.
Term
What does the decrease of the size or loss of function of a cell indicate?
Definition
Cellular Atrophy.
Term
What is the involution of a cell?
Definition
The involution of a cell is the state of decreased size of a cell. 
Term
What is cellular hypertrophy?
Definition
Cellular hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. Cells often respond with hypertrophy from an increase in trophic (growth) signals.
Term
What is an increase in the number of cells called?
Definition
Hyperplasia.
Term
What is meteplasia?
Definition
Metaplasia is the changing of one cell type to another. This is a way that a cell can adapt to a persistant stressor. This happens with GERD.
Term
What is the actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arragement and stucture which is also often a response to  a chronic and persistant stressor?
Definition
Dysplasia.
Term
What is Bronchopulmonary dysplasia?
Definition
BPD is a condition where stressors cause cellular alterations that lead to chronic, irreversible tissue changes. 
Term
What is agromegaly?
Definition
Agromegaly is a condition of hyperplasia stimulated by excessive  growth hormones which causes excessive growth. If it happens before puberty, it causes the individual to become irregularly tall, and if it occurs after, it causes an enlargement of the jaw and general largeness.
Term
What are some of the risk factors associated with cervical dysplasia?
Definition
Early sexual onset, multiple sexual partners, exposure to HPV, smoking.
Term

What are some common causes of cell injury or death?

 

Definition
Injury, bacteria, deficit injury (nor enough oxygen)
Term
What is oxydative stress?
Definition
Stress caused to the cells by biological aging, infection, stress, ichemia, radiation and the use of chemical drugs as well as many other factors.
Term
How is inflammation triggered?
Definition
Inflammation is triggered by tissue injury.
Term
What are the main goals of inflammation?
Definition
To increase blood flow to the site on injury, increase healing cells at the site and prepare tissue for repair.
Term
What are the primary lines of defense?
Definition

Primary: Skin and membranes

Secondary: Inflammatory response

Tertiary: Immune response

Term
What are the vascular responses to injury?
Definition
Induces vasodilation and increases capilary permeability, with the objective of getting more blood to the injured site. 
Term

What is a mast cell?

 

Definition
A mast cell is an important inflammatory mediator, they are leucocytes which are in the connective tissues of the body near all blood vessels. They are responsible for the production and release of inflammatory mediators.
Term
What is the purpose of basophils?
Definition
They release triggers to indreasd or diminish inflammatory response.
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