Hemostasis

Blood clotting or

controlling bleeding

Hematocrit

Proportion of cells (RBC) in blood,

indicates the viscosity of the blood

Plasma

Clear fluid that remains after the cells have been removed

Serum

Fluid and solutes remaining after the cells and fibrinogens have been removed

Globulins

Or antibodies,

a plasma protein

Fibrinogen

Needed for clotting,

a plasma protein

Hematopoiesis or

hemopoiesis

Cell development from a undifferentiated

to a committed stem sell

Erythropoietin

Hormone that stimulates RBC development

Hemolysis

Destruction of RBC

Diapedesis

Movement of WBC's through the capillary wall when needed for defense

Agglutination

Clumping of RBC's

Leukocytosis

Increase in WBC

Lucopenia

Decrease in WBC's

Pallor

Pale

Dyspnea

Shortness of breath

Microcytic Cell

small cell

Hypochromic

Less color of RBC

Tachycardia

Rapid heart rate above 100

Syncope

Fainting

Megaloblasts

Very large RBC. 

Aslo called macrocytic

Petechiae

Flat, red, pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin

Pancytopenia

Decrease RBC, WBC and platelets

Thrombocytopenia

Decreased plts

Cyanosis

Deep blusish red tone of skin and mucous membranes

Purpura

Deep bluish red discoloration of the skin from fleeding: bruise

Neutropenia

Decreased # of circulating neutrophils

Hypoxia

Insufficient O2 in cells

Jaundice

Yellow color in sclera and skin

Pruritus

Itching

Eccymoses

Bruise, purplish area on skin

Hemoptysis

Bright red flecks in the sputum

What kind of cells are present in Leukemia?

Undifferentiated, immature nonfunctional cells that multiply uncontrollably in the bone marrow.

What do the cells do in Leukemia?

They crowd out the normal cells in the bone marrow.

What is the difference in Acute leukemias?

high # of very immature, nonfunctioning (blast cells) in the bone marrow and blood, abrupt onset

What is the difference in Chronic leukemias?

high # of mature cells, slow onset

What are the s/s of Acute Leukemia?

Excessive bleeding

infections

bone pain

What are the early s/s of Chronic Leukemia?

fatigue, weakness, infections

How do you diagnosis Leukemia?

blood smears to look for immature leukocytes, bone marrow

Treatment for Leukemias?

Chemotherapy, drugs, proper nutrition, bone marrow transplant

Why is it best to avoid invasive procedures with leukemic patients?

Breaks barriers and increases risk for infections

With the acute leukemias, the increased number of malignant leukocytes leads to?

decreased hemoglobin, thrombocytopenia, constant bone pain, splenomegaly

Why do multiple infections develop with acute leukemia?

many nonfunctional leukoctes

Why is excessive bleeding a common occurrence with acute leukemia?

Decrease in platelets

A patient is diagnosed with leukemia.  Why would signs of infection be absent or muted in this patient?

The granulocytes and agranulocytes are inadequate or immature therefor cannot produce the inflmmatory response.

What kind of cell is found in Hodgkin's?

Reed-Sternberg

How does Hodgkin's spreed from node to node?

in an orderly fashion

Malignacy-initially involves a single node, What node is it?

lymph node in neck-cervical

What lymphocytes are defective in Hodgkin's?

T lymphocytes

In Hodgkin's, how is the lymphocyte count affected?

it is decreased

What are the s/s of Hodgkins?

painless, nontender, large lymph node often cervical

wt loss

night sweats

fatigue

low grade fever

What is the treatment for Hodgkins?

radiation

chemotherapy

drugs

In Non-Hodgkins what lymphocyte is involved?

B- lymphocyte

S/s of Non-Hodgkins

painless, nontender, large lymph node

wt loss

night sweats

fatigue

low grade fever

Treatment of Non-Hodgkins

Radiation

chemotheraphy

drugs

How is Non-Hodgkins different from Hodgkins?

Multiple node involvement scattered throughtout body

What kind of disorder is muliple myeloma or

plasma cell myeloma?

Neoplastic

What is the cuase of Multiple myeloma or plasma cell myeloma?

Unknown

What are the s/s of multiple myeloma or

plasma cell myeloma?

Bone pain from tumors

fractures

infections

anemia

bleeding tendancies

What is the treatment of multiple myeloma orplasma cell myeloma?

chemotherapy

treat the pain

Multiple myeloma is a malignant tumor involving?

plasma cells

Iron-deficiency anemia frequently results from?

certain vegetarian diets

excessive menstrual flow

malabsorption syndromes

chronic blood loss

liver disease