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Pathophysiology Exam 5
stress and disease, cancer; digestive system; musculoskeletal
85
Pathology
Undergraduate 2
11/12/2013

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Term
Epinephrine
Definition
released through adrenal medulla, after stressor triggers sympathetic nervous system; causes bronchodilation, ^ force & rate of cardiac contraction, ^ lipolysis, Liver v glycogen synthesis, ^ glucogenesis, ^ glycogenolysis
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
released through adrenal medulla, when stressor triggers sympathethic nervous system; causes neuropeptide Y(NPY), ^ blood pressure, ^ sweat gland action (armpits, palms), piloerection (goosebumps), ^ arteriole smooth muscle contraction
Term
Cortisol
Definition
^ BP & CO, v leuteinizing hormones estradiol, testosterone, ^ blood levels of amino acids, ^ lipolysis extremities
Term
General Adaptation Syndrome
Definition
Alarm stage: CNS arousal & body's defenses mobilized, "fight or flight"; Stage of resistance or adaptation: compensatory mechanisms produce adaptation; Stage of exhaustion: continued stress causes breakdown of compensatory mechanisms and onset of disease
Term
Link between stress, immune system, & disease
Definition
proinflammatory cytokines: chemicals in the body that cause inflammation, many disease associated w/ prolonged presence of proinflammatory cytokines-CV disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, type 2 diabetes, & COPD
Term
Alarm stage 1
Definition
Stress arises when a person reacts to a situation, when a demand exceeds the person's ability to cope; results in disturbance of cognition, emotion & behavior that can adversely affect well-being
Term
Stage of Resistance/Adaptation stage 2
Definition
If stress is not relieved it goes on to next state; compensatory mechanisms produce adaptation, cortisol and epinephrine/norepinephrine are released, cortisol increases BP and amino acids, E/NE increases BP, HR, R, & Blood sugar
Term
carcinogenesis
Definition
in cancers mutations in DNA exist and are critical in causation; the mutated cell divides into a malignant clone that does not respond to the normal regulatory mechanisms of the body proliferating w/ out regard to the needs of the body
Term
neoplasm
Definition
new growth
Term
Malignant neoplasm
Definition
Cancerous; rapid growth, increases in size unless removed, invades surroundings, ability to metastasize via blood, lymph, across body cavities; usually poorly differentiated or undifferentiated (anaplastic)
Term
Benign neoplasm
Definition
not cancer; can be life threatening depending on where and what it compresses in the body; encapsulated, do not spread, slow growth, size may stabilize; usually well differentiated
Term
Metastasis
Definition
break away from parent cell enter circulation, lodge and leak through other tissues spreading and continuing to proliferate at second site
Term
cell differentiation
Definition
determines what type of cell it is; muscle, nerve, ect.
Term
Proliferation
Definition
cells multiply
Term
Differentiation
Definition
cells are transformed into different and more specialized cells as they multiply
Term
Nomenclature (root)
Definition
cell or tissue of origin (-osteo = bone)
Term
Nomenclature (suffix - benign [usually])
Definition
-oma
Term
-carcinoma
Definition
always malignant
Term
-sarcoma
Definition
always malignant
Term
Nomenclature (suffix - exceptions - all malignant)
Definition
Melenoma, glioma, lymphoma
Term
Cancer pain
Definition
little to none in early stages; 60-80% in terminally ill; caused by pressure, obstruction, invasion, streching
Term
Cancer (6 clinical manifestations)
Definition
pain, fatigue, cachexia, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
Term
Cancer fatigue
Definition
Most frequently reported symptom of cancer
Term
Cancer cachexia
Definition
severe malnutrition, lack of appetite w/ pain, chemo, radiation (most common cause of death 80% have it when they die)
Term
Cancer anemia
Definition
chronic bleeding, severe malnutrition, chemotherapy, radiation, malignancy in blood forming organs
Term
Cancer thrombocytopenia
Definition
direct tumor invasion of bone marrow, chemotherapy, radiation, infection, hemorrhage
Term
Tumor Staging
Definition
TNM system - T (primary Tumor, N (lymph Nodes), M (distant Metastasis)
Term
T (primary tumor)
Definition
size of tumor, 0-4 scale, TIS = tumor in site
Term
N (lymph nodes)
Definition
higher number means more lymph nodes involved, 0-3 scale
Term
M (distant metastasis)
Definition
0-1
Term
Histopathology
Definition
tissue grade of tumor
Term
G1
Definition
well-differentiated
Term
G2
Definition
moderately well-differentiated
Term
G3
Definition
poorly differentiated
Term
G4
Definition
undifferentiated
Term
Gx
Definition
grade cannot be assessed
Term
Chronic reflux esophagitis
Definition
inflammation of esophagus
Term
Hiatal hernia
Definition
part of stomach is above diaphragm; Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication surgery is the only way to correct
Term
Esophagoscopy
Definition
Looking for cell adaptation that could be cancerous; should have if over 40 years old and had significant heartburn for over 10 years, checking for Barrett's esophagus
Term
Chronic Gastritis Type A (fundal)
Definition
closer to lower esophageal spincter, loss of HCl acid secretion, intrinsic factor, risk factor for gastric carcinoma
Term
Chronic Gastritis Type B (antral)
Definition
lower sphincter (pyloric); most commly caused by H. pylori, no loss of HCl acid or intrinsic factor
Term
Acute Gastritis
Definition
injury to protective mucosal barrier (ulcers), NSAIDs decrease prostaglandins which maintain mucosal barrier, chemicals (alcohol); vague abdominal pain, epigastric tenderness, bleeding; heals w/ antacids, H2 blockers, stopping meds/chemicals
Term
Chronic Gastritis
Definition
Type A (fundal) lower esophageal spincter or Type B (antral) H. pylori; vague symptoms - anorexia, fullness, N&V, bleeding may be only sign; Manage w/ smaller meals, bland diet, Vitamin B12 (for type A)
Term
duodenal ulcers
Definition
chronic intermittent epigastric pain, begins 2-3 hrs after meals, pain-food-relief pattern, nocturnal pain common
Term
Crohn Disease
Definition
Could be anywhere GI (tongue to bung), "skip lesions", Non-blood diarrhea, Vitamin B12 deficiency if ileum involved, drugs to decrease inflammation & pain, surgery to treat complications (abscess, obstruction)
Term
portal hypertension
Definition
obstruction or impedance of blood flow through portal system or vena cava; leads to esophageal varices, splenomegaly, ascites hepatic encephalopathy
Term
Esophageal varices
Definition
upper GI bleeding, risk for bleeding, Tx inflate balloon in esophagus, use sclerosing agents to cause sclerosis in bleeding vessels
Term
splenomegaly
Definition
spleen enlarges from backup w/ portal hypertension
Term
ascites
Definition
accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity, low on albumin, high hydrostatic pressure; breathing problems
Term
hepatic encephalopathy
Definition
when liver isn't working amonia level increases causes mental status changes
Term
Cirrhosis
Definition
irreversible inflammatory dx, leading cause of portal hypertension, causes: alcohol, biliary (dx of bile ducts), ascites, GI bleeding, encephalopathy
Term
primary biliary
Definition
inflammation and destruction of bile ducts
Term
secondary biliary
Definition
prolonged partial or complete obstruction of bile ducts-stones, tumors, chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis.
Term
cholecystitis
Definition
inflammation of the gallbladder; epigastric discomfort w/ fat intake, pain radiating to back (RUQ), flatulence
Term
risk factors for cholecystitis
Definition
obesity, middle age, female, native american, GB dx, pancreatic dx, ileal dx
Term
cholelithiasis
Definition
gallstone
Term
Pancreatitis (acute or chronic)
Definition
commonly associated w/ alcoholism & obstructive biliary dx, chronic in children w/ cystic fibrosis; Dx elevated serum amylase and lipase; Tx "Rest the gland" - NPO, NG suctioning
Term
ulcerative colitis
Definition
frequent diarrhea w/ passage of small amounts of blood and purulent mucous, risk of colon cancer increases significantly after 10 yrs, cause unknown but familial tendencies, most common in rectosigmoid area
Term
ulcerative colitis treatment
Definition
drugs to decrease inflammation, relieve pain; surgery to remove diseased colon if other treatments fail or serious complications occur - hemorrhage, obstruction, sepsis, perforation
Term
diverticulosis
Definition
most common site is sigmoid colon, cramping lower abdomen, diarrhea, constipation, distension flatulence; complications - hemorrhage, peritonitis, obstruction, fistula formation
Term
appendicitis
Definition
inflammation of appendix, periumbilical pain, then right lower quadrant, N&V, anorexia, low-grade fever; complications - perforation w/ peritonitis, abscess formation McBurney's point(rebound tenderness)
Term
esophageal cancer
Definition
clinical manifestations: pyrosis (heartburn), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), odynophagia (pain w/ swallowing); risk factors: tobacco, alcohol, malnutrition, reflux esophagitis, sliding hiatal hernia; metastasizes rapidly, poor prognosis
Term
Colon/rectal cancer screening
Definition
FOBT every year, sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, barium enema every 5 years or colonoscopy every 10 years
Term
Jaundice
Definition
yellow or greenish skin and sclera due to high bilirubin levels; dark urine, light stools,
Term
Five types of viral hepatitis
Definition
HAV, HEV, HBV, HDV, HCV; all can cause acute icenteric illness, HBV, HDV, and HCV can cause chronic liver dix, liver cancer, liver failure
Term
HAV & HEV
Definition
are fecal oral transmission
Term
HDV only occurs w/ HBV; HCV
Definition
Pareteral and sexual transmission
Term
anorexia nervosa
Definition
lack of appetite, fear of becoming obese, distorted body image,a bscence of three consecutive menstrual periods (amenuria); most common white women upper middle class actors, models
Term
bulimia nervosa
Definition
binging followed by vomiting or purging, two binge episodes per week for at least 3 months,
Term
anorexia vs bulimia nervosa
Definition
anorexia - body weight 15% of normal/ bulimia - may be normal weight or obese if just bulemic; 50% who are anorexic also are bulemic; Electrolyte imbalances can cause death from both
Term
liver cancer
Definition
most common is due to metastasis, primary liver cancer due to: chronic hepatits B and C, cirrhosis
Term
gall bladder cancer
Definition
most common is due to metastasis, associated w/ cholelithiasis (gallstones), poor prognosis
Term
Synovial fluid
Definition
bathes the cartilage and carries o2 and necessary products for metabolism, clear, non-clotting, colorless or straw colored, WBC less than 200 cells/ml, small amounts in joints (1-3 ml)
Term
segmental fractures
Definition
two adjacent fractures; loss of blood supply to middle fragment
Term
oblique fractures
Definition
angle across bone; less stable and harder to keep in place, nails and wires
Term
green stick fractures
Definition
incomplete fractures
Term
osteoarthritis
Definition
degeneration and loss of articular cartilage in synovial joints
Term
rheumatoid arthritis
Definition
systemic autoimmune dx, inflammatory dx, damage to synovial membrane or articular cartilage, usually occurs bilaterally; S/S: inflammation- fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, more common in women
Term
Rheumatoid arthritis Lab results
Definition
IgM reacts agains IgG, present in 85%, can indicate other connective tissue disorders, elevated ESR, synovial fluid loses viscosity, turbid w/ 15,000-20,000 WBCs thin and cloudy; Tx: rest, ROM, pain relief, antiinflammatories, corticosteroids
Term
ankylosing spodylitis
Definition
chronic inflammation w/ stiffening and fusion of spine and sacroiliac joints; ESR elevated, Negative rheumatoid factor; exercise program, NSAIDs
Term
Gout
Definition
Uric acid production, excess calcifies on joints usually feet or hands; 95% are men, Tx: low purine diet, NSAIDs, Excrete uric acid from kidneys, inhibit production of uric acid
Term
osteosarcoma
Definition
Bone cancer; usually adolescents and young adults, 90% are located in the end of long bones, 50% around the knee
Term
chondrosarcoma
Definition
cancer in end of long bones, especially femur, bones of pelvis, Middle age 50-70 yrs old; surgical excision is treatment of choice
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
loss of bone integrity, curved spine (hump)estrogen helps to prevent, most menopause, exercise calcium intake
Term
osteoarthritis
Definition
most common form of arthritis (50%) more prevalent in females usually over 45 yrs old. Noninflammatory dx-no inflammation of synovial membrane, no systemic S&S, synovial fluid normal; tx: ice/heat therapy, ROM, drugs for pain, surgery to remove loose bodies, total joint replacement
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