What action does hydrochlorothiazide (Hydro DIURIL) have?

Inhibits reabsorption of Na⁺ and water

in distal tuble

What use does hydrochlorothiazide (Hydro DIURIL) have?

increase excretion of fluid in hypertension,

CHF,

edema

What action does Furosemide (Lasix) have?

Decreases reabsorption of Na⁺ and water in the proximal and distal tubules and the loop of Henle

What use does Furosemide (Lasix) have?

reduce body fluids in

Hypertension

CHF

edema

renal disease

liver disease

What action does spironolactone (Aldactone) have?

blocks reabsorption of Na⁺ and K⁺ in distal tubule

What use does spironolactone (Aldactone) have?

decrease Na⁺ and water in body, but conserve K⁺ in CHF, hypertension, liver disease

Why are urinary cast present with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

inflamed tubules mold RBCs and protein into a typical mass

Pyelonephritis may be distinguished from cystis by the presence in pyelonephritis of?

urinary cast and flank pain

Which olf the following would likely cuase chronic renal failure?

a) obstruction by a renal calculus

b) circlatory shock

c) unilateral pyelonephritis

d) persistent glomerulonephritis

persistent glomerulonephritis

What causes the dark urine associated with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

increased glomerular permeability allowing gross hematuria

What would be the effect of chronic infection or inflammation of the kidneys?

gradual necrosis, fibrosis, and development of uremia

Which pathophysiologic process applies to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

a) iscemic damage occurs in the tubules, causing obstruction and decreased GFR

b) increased glomerual permeability for unknown reasons

c) streptococcal infection affects both the glomerual and tubule functions

d) immune compleses deposit in glomerual tissue, cuasing inflammation

immune complexes deposit in glomerular issue, causing inflammation

What indicates the early stage of acute renal failure?

very low GFR and incrased serum urea

What is the cause of most cases of pyelonephritis?

an ascending infection by E. coli

Which of the following indicate a decreased GFR?

a) urine with low specific gravity and dark color

b) albuminuria and hematuria

c) increased serum urea and decreased serum bicarbonate

d) hyponatremia and hypokaemia

albuminuria and hematuria

Which disease is manifested by dysuria and pyruia?

Cystitis

What is a BUN?

it is protien in the blood

what is a normal BUN lvl?

10 - 20

What lab is the gold standered for kidney functioning?

creatinine

what is Pyleonephritis?

infection of kidney medulla or cortex

How do you get pyleonephritis?

by E-coli ascending the urinary tract ending up in the kidney

What are some causes of pyleonephritis?

pregnacy

placement of urinary catheters

urinary tract obstruction

neurogenic bladder

Clinical manifestations for pyleonephritis

fever

chills

flank pain

What two things would you use to determin the diagnosis of pyleonephritis

UA

urine culture

What would show up in a urin culture to determin pyleonephritis

E-coli

What would show up in a UA to determin pyleonephritis?

WBC casts

What does a WBC cast reflect?

damage to renal tubules

What are the s/s of pyleonephritis that indicate an infection?

pyuria

bacteriuria

dysuria

frequency

urgency

How do you tell if there is kidny involvement with pyleonephritis?

urinary cast

flank pain

more severe fever

leukocytosis

What bacteria is involved with pyleonephritis?

E-coli

What bacteria is involved with glomerulonephritis?

streptococcus Beta hemolytic

Where does streptococcus Beta hemolytic A originate from?

strep throat

What happens after the immune response is initated by strep that leads to glomerulonephritis?

damages the basement membrane of the kidneys

What kind of immune resonse happens with the inflammatory cells in glomerulonephritis?

Type 3

Where does the damage ocurr in the kidney during glomerulonephritis?

glomerular wall

What is the significance of the damage to the glomerular wall?

makes them more permeable

what is the effect of corticosteriods in glomerulonephritis?

to treat the immune based pathologic process

Types of stones

calcium

when Ca lvls in urine are high from hypercalcemia or inadequate fluid intake.

Types of stones

uric acid stones

end product of metabolism or

high purine diet

Types of stones

Oxalate

from certain vegetarian diets

What is the difference between ARF and CRF?

time

ARF

Prerenal

before do to hypertention

ARF

Intrarental

inside - poly & glumerulonephritis

ARF

Postenal

after - kidney stones

List the two s/s not assosiated with BUN for ARF

Oliguria

Anuria

name the two s/s in ARF that are assosiated with BUN

Azotemia

Uremia

name two drugs that can cause Prerenal ARF

captoprial

lisinopril

list 5 common causes of prerenal ARF

Shock

trauma

sepsis

hemorrhage

dehydration

What is the most common cause of intrarenal ARF?

ATN (acute tubular necrosis)

Most common cause of postrenal ARF?

Obstruction