Surfactant

Detergent action that reduces surface tenstion, facilitaties inspiration and prevents total collapse of alveoli during expiration

Inspiration

movement of air into the lungs

Expiration

movement out of the lungs

Compliance

Ability of lungs to expand

Dead space

areas where gas exchange dose not take place

Hypoxia

Decreased tissue oxygenation

Hypoxemia

Deficient blood O2 as measured by low arterial O2 in arterial blood gases and low hemoglobulin saturation

Hypercapnia

Increase CO2 in blood

Eupnea

Normal breathing patteren

Tachypnea

rapid breathing

Bradypenea

slow breathing

apnea

no breathing

Kussmauls respirations

deep regular sighing respirations

with rapid breathing

Cheyne Stokes

Periodic breathing with apnea,

usually signs of imminent death

Stridor

high pitched crowing sounds

Rales

light bubbly crackling sounds

associated with serous secretions

 Rhonchi

deep harsher sounds associated with thick mucous

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

acute respiration associated with Lt CHF,

occurs during sleep when lying down

Cyanosis

Bluish coloring of skin and mucous membranes

hemoptysis

bright red streaks of blood in frothy sputum

Orthopnea

difficulty breathing in a recumbent position

What is the causes of chronic bronchitis?

chronic irritation, inflammation, and

infection of the larger airways

With a tension pneumothorax, which factors contribute to severe hypoxia?

1. increasing compression of the inferior vena cava

2. more air leaving the pleural cavity on expiration that enters with inspiration.

3. Shift of the mediastinal contents towards the affected lung

4. Continually increasing pressure on teh unaffected lung

1, 4

Which factors contribute to postoperative atelectasis?

1. decreased secretions in the airways

2. drug-related respiratory depression

3. abdminal distention and pain

4. deep breathing and coughing

2, 3

Why does oxygen diffuse from the alveoli to the blood?

Po2 is lower in the blood

Select the statement related to tuberculosis:

a. the microbe is an acid-fast bacillus, resistant to many disinfectants

b. the infection is transmitted primarily by blood from an infected person

c. the microbe is present in the sputum of all patients with a positive TB skin test

d. the microbe is quickly distroyed by the immune response

a.

What is the common soruce of a pulmonary embolus?

Thrombus froming in the femoral veins

Choose the correct reason for severe hyposia occuring with pulmonary edema:

a. fluid in the pleural cavity prevents normal lung expansion

b. diffusion of oxygen into the pulmonary capillaries is impaired

c. increased concentration of CO2 impairs diffusion of O2

d. increased blood flow through the lungs prevents diffusion of gases

B.

Which manifestation(s) of atelectasis is/are associated with airway obstruction?

decreased breath sounds on the affected side

What confirms the presence of active (reinfection) tuberculosis?

identification of acid-fast bacilli in a sputum sample

What causes the expanded A-P thoracic (barrel chest) in patients with emphysema?

Air trapping and hyperinflation

The basic pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis is considered to be?

an abnormality of the exocrine glands

During an acute asthma attack, why does respiratory obstruction occur?

1. relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

2. edema of the mucosa

3. increased sectreation of thick, tenacious mucus

4. contraction of the elastic fibers

2, 3

Which of the following are typical of chronic bronchitis?

a. formation of blebs or bullae on the lung surface

b. decreased activity of the mucous glands

c. overinflation of bronchioles and alveoli

d. fibrosis of the bronchial wall

d.

What would result from hyperventilation?

respiratory alkalosis

Which of the folliwing is typical of progressive emphysema?

a. residual lung volume increases

b. tidal volume increases

c. Vital copacity increases

d. Forced expiratory volume increases

A.

Persistent thick mucus in the bronchioles of a child with cystic fibrosis may cause:

1. air trapping

2. atelectaisis

3. repeated infections

4. irreversible damage to tissue

all of them

What is the basis for acute attacks of extrinsic asthma?

type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

In which form is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?

as bicarbonate ion

Why does severe hypoxia develop with pneumonia?

oxygen diffusion is impaired by the congestion

Which of the folliwing drugs in an inhaler would likely be careed by individuals to provide immediate control of acute asthema attacks?

a. a glucocorticoid

b. cromolyn

c. a beta- 2= adrenergic agent

d. epinephrine

c

Yellow-green-cloudy sputum

bacterial infection

Rusty or dark sputum

associated with pneumonia

Purulent (pus) sputum with a foul odor

bronchiectasis

Thick tenacious sputum

in people with asthma or

cystic fibrosis

Hemoptysis sputum

blood tinged

Glucocorticoids

anti-inflammatory

antiallergic

examples of glucocorticoids

beclomethasone (inhaler)

prednisone (oral)

Bronchodilators

stimulate beta-2 adrenergic receptors

to open bronchioles

example of bronchodilators

theophylline (oral)

analgesics

reduce pain

examples of analgesics

acetaminophen

codeine

Antitussives

reduce cough reflex

example of antitussives

codeine,

dextromethorphan (DM)

expectorants

thin respiratory secretions for easier removal

 an exmple of expectorant

guaifenesin

decongestant

vasoconstriction in nasal mucosa,

reduce edema

An example of decongestant

pseudoephedrine

What is oxygen treatment is for?

to improve oxygen supply to all body cells

What is chest physiotherapy for?

remove thick secretions and reduce infections

Cystic fibrosis in the lungs causes 3 things,

what are they?

Obstruction of airways and frequent infections

Fibrosis

cor pulmonale

Cystic Fibrosis in the digestive tract does two things,

what are they?

Obstruction of pancreatic duckts

obstruction of bile ducts in liver

Obstuction of both the pancreatic and bile ducts in liver do to cystic fibrosis do what?

cause malabsorption

malnutrition

In cystic fibrosis, obstruction of the pancreatic duct leads to two things.

What are they?

Fibrosis

diabetes mellitus

In cystic fibrosis, obstruction of the bile duct leads to?

bilary cirrhosis

In cystic fibrosis, the reproductive tract has two things happen to it.

What are they?

obstruction of vas deferens

cervical mucus

What is the end result from cystic fibrosis effect on the reproductive tract?

infertility

Cysitc Fibrosis in the sweat glands will do thee things.

What are they?

Excess Na⁺ and Cl^- content

electrolyte imbalance 

dehydration

Etiology of emphysema

smoking

genetic

Etiology of Chronic Bronchitis

smoking,

air pollution

Etiology of Astma - acute

hypersensitivity type I

hyperresponsive tissue

Location of emphysema

alveoli

Locaton of chronic bronchitis

bronchi

Locatoin of Asthema- acute

small bronchi

bronchioles

Pahtophysiology of emphysema

destruction of alveolar walls

loss of elasticity

imparied expiration, Barrel chest

hyperinflation

Pahtophysiology of chronich bronchitis

increased mucous glands and secretion

inflammation

infection

obstruction

Pahtophysiology of Asthma-Acute

inflammation

broncho-constriction

increased mucus produced

obstruciton

repeat attacks lead to damage

Is there caugh or dyspnea in emphysema?

some coughing

marked dyspnea

Is there caugh or dyspnea in chronic bronchitis

early, constant cough

some dyspnea

Is there caugh or dyspnea in Asthma-Acute

cough and dyspnea

wheezing

Is there sputum in emphysema?

no

Is there sputum in chronic bronchitis

large amount, purulent

Is there sputum in Asthema - Acute

Thick

tenacious mucus

Is there cyanosis in emphysema?

no

Is there cyanosis in chronic bronchitis?

yes

Is there cyanosis in asthma- acute

yes if status asthmaticus

Are there infections in emphysema and asthema?

some

Are there infections in chronic bronchitis?

yes

is there Cor Pulmonale in emphysemia

perhaps late

is there Cor Pulmonale in chronic bronchitis

common

is there Cor Pulmonale in asthma-acute

rare

tidal valume is how much?

500 mL

Vital capacity is how much?

4600 mL

total lung capacity is how much?

5800 mL