Anabolic

building up or synthesis of

complex substance from simple molecules

Catabolism

the breakdown of complex molecules into

simple molecules during metabolism

Endemic

a disease that is always present in a specific region

Why is amputation frequently a necessity in diabetics?

necrosis and gangrene in the legs

Choose the statement that applies to type I diabetes mellitus:

a) relative infufficiency of insulin resistance develops

b) onset often occurs during childhood

c) complications rarely occur

d) it can be treated by diet, weight control, and exercise or oral Hypoglycemics

b) onset often occurs during childhood

Which of the following applies to diabetic macro-angiography?

1. affects the small arteries and arterioles

2. is reated to elevated serum lipids

3. leads to increased risk of myocrardial infarction and peripheral vascular disease

4. frequently causes damage in the kidneys

2, 3

Characteristics of Cushing's syndrome inclued all of the folliwing except:

a) staring eyes with infrequent blinking

b) heavy body and round face

c) atrophy of the lymph nodes

d) atrophied skeletal muscle in the limbs

a) staring eyes with infrequent blinking

What is the effect of Addison's disease?

poor stress response

What kind of control mechanism is indicated when increased blood glucose levels stimulate increased secretion of insulin?

negative feedback control

Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes Addions' disease?

a) increased glucocorticids

b) deficit of T3 and T4

c) deficit of ADH

d) decreased glucocorticids

d) decreased glucocorticids

Which of the following applie to acrmegaly?

a) dose not change soft tissue growth

b) results from excessive secretion of GH

c) causes excessive longitudinal bone growth

d) occurs in infants and children

b) results from excessive secretion of GH

Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes myxedema?

a) deficit of ADH

b) increased glucocorticoids

c) decreased glucocorticiods

d) deficit of T3 and T4

d) deficit of T3 and T4

What signs are typical of Graves' disease?

exophthalmos, heat intolerance, and restlessness

Type I

Age at onset

Children and young adults

Type I

Onset

acute

Type I

Body weight

Thin

Type I

Etiology

Autoimmune distruction

Family history

Type I

Plasma insulin level

Very low

Type I

Treatment

Insulin replacement

Type I

 Occurrence of hypoglycemia or

ketoacidosis

frequent

Type II

age at onset

older but also younger adults

Type II

onset

insidious

Type II

Etiology

familial

lifestyle and enviromental factors

obesity

Type II

Body type

obese

Type II

Plasma insulin level

decreased or normal

Type II

Treatment

diet and exercise or

oral hypoglycemic agents or

insulin replacement

Type II

Occurance of hypoglycemia or

ketoacidosis

Less common

Source of

Insulin

Pancreas beta cells

Primary Effects of

Insulin

transport of glucose

Source of

Glucagon

Pancreas - alpha cells

Primary Effect of

glucagon

glycogenolysis in liver

Source of

Cortisol (belly fat)

adrenal cortex

Primary Effects

Corisol (belly fat)

Anti-inflammatory

decreases immune response

Source of

Norepinephrine

Adrenal medulla

Primary Effects of

norepinephrine

general vasoconstriction

Source of

epinephrine

Adrenal medulla

Primary Effects of

epinephrine

stress response

increase heart rate

broncodialates

Negitive feedback mechanism with glucose and insulin and glucagon

what is Step 1

High blood glucose

Negitive feedback mechanism with glucose and insulin and glucagon

what is Step 2

beta cells of pancrease increase secretion of insulin

Negitive feedback mechanism with glucose and insulin and glucagon

what is Step 3

insulin promotes transport of glucose into cells

Negitive feedback mechanism with glucose and insulin and glucagon

what is Step 4

low blood glucose

Negitive feedback mechanism with glucose and insulin and glucagon

what is Step 5

Alpha cells in pancrease secrte glucagon

Negitive feedback mechanism with glucose and insulin and glucagon

what is Step 6

gluconegoenesis in liver

gluconeogenesis

the production of glucose from protien or fat

glucosuria

glucose in the urine

Hyperglycemia

excessively high levels of blood glucose

hypoglycemia

extremely low levels of blood glucose

typically below 60 mg/dl

ketoacidosis

excessive amounts of ketones in the blood

Ketones

chemical by-product of lipid metabolism

Ketonuria

ketones in the urine

macroanglopathy

degenerative changes in the walls of large arteries

microangiopathy

degenerative changes in the walls of the very small blood vesseles

Negitive feedback

feedback in which the output quantity or singnal,lowers the input quantity or signal

Neuropathy

degeneration of nerve fibers

polydipsia

extream thirst

polyphagia

extream hunger

polyuria

excretion of large volumes of urine

name three medications for Type II

glyburide (diabeta)

metformin (glucophage)

rosiglitazone (avanda)

What action does glyburide (Diabeta) have?

increases insulin secretion

What action does metformin (Glucophage) have?

reduces insulin resistance

What action does rosiglitazone (Avanda) have?

increases tissues sensitivity to insulin

name a rapid-onset, short acting,

intermediate acting insulin

Lente

Name a long-acting insulin

Lantus

name a slow-onset, long acting insulin

Ultralente