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Pathoma
Growth Adaptations, Cellular Injury, and Cell Death
74
Pathology
Graduate
02/24/2014

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Term
hyperplasia
Definition
increase in stress -> inc cell size
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
inc in stress -> inc cell number
Term
mechanism of hypertrophy
Definition
gene activation, protein synthesis and production of organelles
Term
cells that undergo hypertrophy only
Definition
permanent tissues = cardiac mm, skeletal mm and nerve
Term
mechanism of atrophy
Definition
dec cell number via apoptosis
dec cell cize via upiquitin-proteasome degradation of cytoskeleton
Term
ubiquitin-proteosome degradation
Definition
intermediate filaments are "tagged" with ubiquitin and destroyed by proteosomes; autophagic vacuoles fuse with lysosomes whose hydrolytic enzymes breakdown cell components
Term
metaplasia
Definition
change in stress leads to change in cell type to better handle the new stress
Term
metaplasia ex
Definition
barrett (squamous -> columnar)
Term
metaplasia mechanism
Definition
reprograming of stem cells
Term
vitamin associated with metaplasia
Definition
Vit A
Term
Vit A deficiency
Definition
keratomalacia in the conjunctiva
Term
CT that undergoes metaplasia
Definition
myosititis ossificans; mm tissue changes to bone during healing after trauma
Term
dysplasia
Definition
disordered cell growth; prolix of precancerous cells
Term
reversible vs irreversible: dysplasia
Definition
reversible
Term
reversible vs irreversible: metaplasia
Definition
reversible
Term
aplasia
Definition
failure of cell production during embryogenesis
Term
hypoplasia
Definition
decrease in cell production during embryogenesis
Term
result of slowly developing ischemia vs acute ischemia
Definition
slow = atrophy
actue = injury
Term
causes of cell injury
Definition
inflammation, nutritional deficiency or excess, hypoxia, trauma and genetic mutations
Term
hypoxia
Definition
low O2 delivery o tissue
Term
causes of hypoxia
Definition
ischemia, hypoxemia and decreased O2 carrying capacity
Term
ischemia arises with
Definition
decreased arterial perfusion, decreased venous drainage, shock
Term
hypoxemia arises with
Definition
high altitude, hypoventilation, diffusion defect, VQ mismatch
Term
ex of decreased O2 carrying capacity
Definition
anemia, CO poisoning, methemoglobinemia
Term
CO poisoning exposures
Definition
binds Hb more rapidly thank oxygen; smoke from fires and exhuase from cars or gas heaters
Term
cherry red appearance of skin
Definition
CO poisoning
Term
early for CO poisoning vs significant exposure
Definition
early = HA
significant = coma and death
Term
methemoglobinemia mechanism
Definition
iron is in Fe3 form and only Fe2 binds O2
Term
cyanosis with chocolate colored blood
Definition
methemoglobinemia
Term
methemoglobinemia tx
Definition
methylene blue
Term
hallmark of reversible injury
Definition
cell swelling -> loss of microvilli and membrane blebbing -> sweeping of RER and dissociation of ribosomes and dec protein synthesis
Term
result of plasma membrane damage
Definition
cytosolic enzymes leaking, calcium into cell
Term
mitochondrial membrane damage
Definition
loss of electron transport chain, cytochrome c leaking into cytosol
Term
lysosome membrane damage
Definition
hydrolytic enzymes leaking into cytosol, activated by high intracell ca
Term
morphologic hallmark of cell death
Definition
loss of nucleus, nuclear condensation (pyknosis), fragmentation (karyorrhexis) and dissolution (karyolysis)
Term
coagulative necrosis
Definition
necrotic tissue that remains firm; cell chap and organ structure preserved; ischemic infarction; wedge shaped and pale
Term
liquefactive necrosis
Definition
enzymatic lysis of cells and protein result in liquefaction
Term
tissues with coag necrosis
Definition
pulmonary, testicular
Term
areas of liquefactive
Definition
brain, abscess, pancreatitis
Term
gangrenous necrosis
Definition
characteristics of ischemia of lower limb and GI tract
Term
wet vs dry gangrene
Definition
wet is superimposed infection
Term
caseous nerosis
Definition
cottage cheese like; combo of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis
Term
coag necrosis scenarios
Definition
TB or fungal infection
Term
fat necrosis mechanism
Definition
necrotic adipose tissue with chalky white appearance 2/2 ca deposits; trauma
Term
saponification
Definition
dystrohic Ca in which Ca deposits on dead tissue
Term
metastatic calcification
Definition
high serum ca or phosphate levels lead to Ca deposition in normal tissue
Term
fibrinoid necrosis
Definition
necrotic damage to blood vessel wall; leaking of proteins into vessel wall
Term
scenarios with fibrinoid necrosis
Definition
malignant HTN and vasculitis
Term
morphology of apoptosis
Definition
cell shrink, eosinophilic, nucleus condenses and fragments, apoptotic bodies
Term
apoptosis is mediated by
Definition
caspases that activate proteases and endonucleases
Term
intrinsic apoptotic pathway
Definition
cell injury/DNA damage/loss hormonal stim -> inactivation of bcl2 -> cyto c to leak from mito -> activate caspases
Term
extrinsic apoptosis pathway
Definition
FASL with FAS activates caspases or TNF binds TNF receptor activating caspases
Term
CD8 cell apoptosis
Definition
perforins and granzymes activate caspases
Term
pathologic generation of ROS
Definition
ionizing radiation, inflammation, metals, drugs and chemical
Term
metals that cause ROS
Definition
iron and copper
Term
how ROS cause cell injury
Definition
per oxidation of lipids and oxidation of DNA and proteins; DNA damage
Term
elimination of ROS
Definition
antioxidants, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase
Term
superoxide dismutase
Definition
O2- -> H2O2
Term
glutathione peroxidase
Definition
GSH + ROS -> GSSH and H2O
Term
catalase
Definition
H2O2 -> O2 + H2O
Term
carbon tetrachloride
Definition
dry cleaning; converted to CCL by P450 results in cell injury -> dec apolipoprotein lead to fatty change in liver
Term
reperfusion injury
Definition
return of blood to ischemic tissue results in production or ROS which further damage of tissue
Term
amyloid
Definition
misfolded protein that deposits in extracellular space
Term
features of amyloidosis
Definition
congo red, and apple green birefringence
Term
primary amyloidosis
Definition
systemic deposition of amyloid from Ig light chain with multiple myeloma
Term
SAA
Definition
acute phase protein inc ing chronic inflame states, Ca and familial mediterranean fever
Term
FMF
Definition
due to dysfunction of Nt and occurs in persons
Term
clinical findings of systemic amyloidosis
Definition
nephrotic syndrome; restrictive cardiomyopathy or arrhytmia, tonge enlargement, malabsorption and heptaosplenomegaly
Term
senile cardiac amyloidosis
Definition
non-mutated serum transthyretic deposition in heart; usually asymptomatic
Term
familial amyloid cardiomyoapathy
Definition
mutated serum transthyretic deposits in heart leading to restrictive cardiomyopathy
Term
amyloid in type II DM
Definition
amylin deposits in islets
Term
amyloid in alzheimers
Definition
alpha-beta amyloid
Term
dialysis associated amyloidosis
Definition
alpha-2 microglobulin
Term
amyloid in medullary thyroid cancer
Definition
calcitonin
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