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Pathology Unit I
Inflammation
63
Pathology
Graduate
01/20/2013

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Term
Inflammation
Definition
a "pre-programmed" response of tissue to injury; involves the microcirculation plus cellular and acellular components of the blood.
Term
List of the Cellular components of inflammation
Definition
polymorphonuclear leukocyte, monocyte, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets
Term
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Definition
short-lived, "end-stage" phagocytic cell.
Term
Monocyte
Definition
Large phagocytic cell capable of reproduction; tissue monocytes are termed histiocytes or macrophages.
Term
B Lymphocytes
Definition
source of antibody producing plasma cells; Humoral immunity.
Term
T Lymphocytes
Definition
Helpers [T4 helper cells induce Ab production], killers, suppressors
[T8 suppresses Ab production]; Cell-mediated immunity.
Term
Types of Antibody
Definition
IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgE
Term
IgM
Definition
molecule found early in antibody production; activates complement.
Term
IgG
Definition
smaller molecule (than IgM); is long-lived in the circulation
Term
IgA
Definition
mucosal antibody. Secretions found especially in Respiratory and GI Tracts.
Term
IgE
Definition
responsible for allergies and allergic reactions. [eg: mast cells -> anaphylactic reaction]
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
granulocyte with eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules; capable of phagocytosis, especially antigen-antibody complexes. [eg: allergic and parasitic reaction]
Term
Basophils
Definition
granulocyte with basophilic cytoplasmic granules containing vasoactive polypeptides, such as histamine. Basophils in peripheral circulation - Cf: mast cell in tissue]
Term
Platelets
Definition
fragments of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes (located in bone marrow); cause stickiness of red cells and help initiate clotting within blood vessels.
[have phospholipids -> for clotting]
Clinical correlation: aspirin and/or ibuprofin affect ability of platelets to aggregate
Term
List of the Acellular components of inflammation (chemical mediators)
Definition
Histamine, Progtaglandins and leukotrines, Platelet activating factor, Cytokines, Nitric Oxide, Complement system, Kinins, clotting pathway and thrombolytic pathway
Term
Histamine
Definition
a vasoactive polypeptide which causes increased short-term vascular permeability; released from mast cells, basophils and platelets.
Term
Prostaglandins, leukotrines
Definition
variety of effects- - including vascular constriction, dilation, permeability; leukocyte adhesion; pain.
Term
Platelet-activating factor
Definition
synthesized by mast cells, basophils, platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, endothelium. Causes vasoconstriction, increased vascular permeability and platelet aggregation.
Term
Cytokines (lymphokines)
Definition
products released by activated lymphocytes and monocytes, some of which are capable of attracting other leukocytes; improving phagocytic activity; cause fever and anorexia.; stimulate fibroblasts.
Term
Nitric Oxide
Definition
made by endothelium and macrophages. Causes vascular dilation and increasedvascular permeability; can mediate cell and bacterial killing.
Term
Complement system
Definition
a circulating protein system of proenzymes which, when activated (usually by antigen-antibody complexes - esp. IgM), form several fragments, which augment the inflammatory process (for example - cause release of histamine from mast cells/platelets, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and cell membrane damage).
Term
Kinins
Definition
a series of small polypeptides derived from serum which, after enzymatic conversion, produce prolonged vascular permeability; causes pain; activates complement.
Term
Clotting pathway
Definition
results in coagulation of blood by formation of fibrin (a large clottable protein) from fibrinogen [fibrinogen is the only clottable protein in the body].
Term
Thrombolytic pathway
Definition
feedback mechanism to prevent excessive clotting.
Term
List of the Cardinal Signs of inflammation (as described by Celsus)
Definition
Rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain)
Term
What did Galen add to the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Definition
Loss of funtion
Term
Duration of acute inflammation
Definition
Relatively short duration (few minutes, several hours, 1 or 2 days), nonspecific response to tissue damage.
Term
Cell type of acute inflammation
Definition
leukocytes, predominantly neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes - derived from bone marrow granulocyte; is an end-stage cell, ie, once outside of bone marrow, does not divide/proliferate).
Term
Sequence of events of acute inflammation
Definition
(1)Transient vasoconstriction of arterioles (2)Vasodilation resulting in increased blood flow (3)Increased permeability of the microvasculature (histamine then kinin) with slowing of the circulation, outpouring of protein-rich fluid (fibrinogen/fibrin and immunoglobulin) into extravascular tissues, stasis (dilated small vessels packed with red cells)(4) Leukocytic margination (neutrophils first, then smaller numbers of monocytes [tissue monocutes/histiocytes can replicate, as evidenced by mitosis] and lymphocytes) along the vascular endothelium, emigration (5) Phagocytosis, lysosomal activity
Term
Outcomes of acute inflammation
Definition
Resolution/restitution, healing by scarring, abscess formation, progression to chronic inflammation
Term
Resolution/restitution
Definition
restoration to normal structure and function
Term
Healing by scarring
Definition
deposition of vascular granulation tissue; gradual progression to dense collagenous scar tissue with low vascularity
Term
Abscess formation
Definition
[eg: clostridium - a gas-forming bacterium]
Term
Chronic Inflammation
Definition
Longer duration; may follow acute inflammation
Term
Mechanisms that can lead to Chronic inflammation
Definition
repeated bouts of acute inflammation, or may be due to specific agents that classically cause a chronic inflammatory response (such as tubercle bacilli, virus); indicates activation of the immune system.
Term
cell types characteristic of chronic inflammation
Definition
macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells. [B cells: antigen; T cells: control]
Term
tissue reaction characteristic of chronic inflammation
Definition
proliferation of blood vessels and connective tissue, scar. [Cf: granulation tissue; keloid - an exuberant collagen build-up]
Term
Chronic Granulomatous Inflammation
Definition
Specific type of chronic inflammation,
Term
Four diseases characteristic granulomatous inflammation
Definition
with tuberculosis, leprosy, deep fungal infections, sarcoidosis, etc.
Term
Granulomas
Definition
Granulomas are small collections of modified macrophages ("epithelioid cells"), usually surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes. Epithelioid cells have abundant pale-pink, plump cytoplasm. Langhans' or foreign body-type giant cells may be present (represent fusion of macrophages).
Term
cell types composing a granulomas
Definition
macrophages, lymphocytes, and giant type cells
Term
Factors involved in the formation of granulomas
Definition
(1.)Presence of indigestible organisms or particles.
(2.)Presence of cell-mediated immunity to the inciting agent (delayed hypersensitivity).
Term
Serous inflammation/transudate
Definition
- outpouring of a thin fluid, derived from the blood serum or the secretions of serous mesothelial cells. (E.g. skin blister resulting from a burn.)
[Exudation - the escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitial tissue or body cavities.]
Term
Fibrinous inflammation/exudate
Definition
- exudate of large amounts of plasma proteins, including fibrinogen. Histologically fibrin is identified by its tangled, threadlike eosinophilic meshwork.
Term
Suppurative or purulent inflammation/exudate
Definition
production of large amounts of pus.
Term
Catarrhal inflammation
Definition
refers to excessive elaboration of mucin encountered in inflammatory states affecting any mucus-secreting mucosa. (E.g. common cold.)
Term
Hemorrhagic inflammation
Definition
characterized by a bloody exudate.
Term
Pseudomembranous inflammation
Definition
formation of a membrane, usually made up of precipitated fibrin necrotic epithelium, and inflammatory white cells. Encountered only on mucosal surfaces, most commonly in the pharynx, larynx, respiratory passages, and intestinal tract. (E.g. diphtheria exotoxin causes necrosis of surface epithelial cells and their desquamation; clostridium toxin affects the intestinal mucosa and is related to patients receiving broad- spectrum antibiotics.)
Term
Pus
Definition
a focal accumulation of neutrophils and liquefactive necrosis.
Term
Abscess
Definition
a localized collection of pus.
Term
Ulcer
Definition
- a local defect of the surface of an organ or tissue, which is produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.
Term
Systemic effects of inflammation
Definition
Fever, chills, leukocytosis, altered sleep patterns, decreased appetite, etc.
Term
general characteristic of acute inflammation
Definition
short duration, PMN leukocytes, inflammation, and phagocytosis
Term
Tissue reaction to injury, characterized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, is called
Definition
acute inflammation
Term
: Which of the following is the chemical mediator responsible for increased permeability of endothelial cells?
Definition
histamine
Term
Which of the following is NOT considered a cardinal sign of inflammation?
Definition
fever
Term
Which immunoglobulin is associated with allergic reactions?
Definition
IgE
Term
Which inflammatory cell is normally more common in tissues than in peripheral blood, and is capable of reproduction and phagocytosis?
Definition
Monocyte/ Macrophage
Term
Which cellular component of the inflammatory process is required to form a blood clot?
Definition
Platelet
Term
Exudation of plasma & leukocytes in acute inflammation is from the
Definition
Arterioles
Term
Which of the following mediators of inflammation causes pain?
Definition
Bradykinin
Term
: A 45-year-old man has had a fever and dry cough for 3 days, and now has difficulty breathing and a cough productive of sputum. On physical examination his temperature is 38.5 C. Diffuse rales are auscultated over lower lung fields. A chest radiograph shows a right pleural effusion. A right thoracentesis is performed. The fluid obtained has a cloudy appearance with a cell count showing 5500 leukocytes per microliter, 98% of which are neutrophils. Which of the following terms best describes his pleural process?
Definition
Purulent inflammation
Term
[image]
Definition
Chronic Inflammation
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