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Pathology Midterm
Modules 1-7
75
Pathology
Undergraduate 2
10/27/2011

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Term
Disease
Definition
A change in normal body function/structure that leads to abnormal function (ex. Resulting from a direct insult, such as trauma or infection, or an indirect insult such as a disturbance in metabolism). 
Term
Complications and sequalae
Definition
The secondary consequences of disease.
Term
Epidemiology
Definition
The study of disease within certain populations. The patterns of the disease are studied as well as risk factors.
Term
Etiology
Definition
The study of the causes of disease. (Ex. Biological agents, chemical agents or physical forces).
Term
Iatrogenic
Definition
Disease caused as the result of a medical treatment.
Term
Idiopathic
Definition
Disease of unknown origin, when we do not know what causes a disease.
Term
Morbidity
Definition
The impairment of health by illness.
Term
Mortality
Definition
A disease that causes the death of the patient.
Term
Pathogenesis
Definition
The stages through which a disease progresses; the production and development or mechanism of disease. The sequence of cellular events that take place from time of initial contact with the etiological agent until the expression of the disease.
Term
Pathology
Definition
The study of disease and disease processes (their causes typical characteristics and effects).
Term
Adaption
Definition
Cells attempt to maintain an internal steady state, but when exposed to an adverse stimulus they undergo various adaptations (ex. In pattern of growth to establish a new steady state. If the stimulus is removed the cell reverts to normal).
Term
Atrophy
Definition
A decrease in tissue mass due to shrinkage.
Term
Dysplasia
Definition
An alteration in the size, shape or organization of the cells in a tissue.
Term
Hypertrophy
Definition
An increase in the size of existing cells.
Term
Hyperplasia
Definition
An increase in the number of cells.
Term
Metaplasia
Definition
The substitution of one cell type for another.
Term
Anoxia
Definition
Absence or almost complete absence of oxygen form inspired gases, arterial blood or tissues.
Term
Apoptosis
Definition
Programmed cell death; characteristically seen during development but it can also occur pathologically.
Term
Irreversible Cell Injury
Definition
Results from an overwhelming injury or one in which the cell has no time to mount an adaptive response.
Term
Reversible Cell Injury
Definition
Results from an acute injury to the cell or low level, long-term chronic stimuli.
Term
Hemosiderin
Definition
An insoluble form of tissue storage iron, can be seen under the microscope or without specific stains.
Term
Hydropic Swelling
Definition
An increase in cell volume due to the impairment of normal ion regulation mechanisms that leads to an increase in cellular water; characterized by a large, pale cytoplasm and normally located nucleus.
Term
Lipofuscin
Definition
A brownish pigment derived from lipids and cell membrane turnover, increases in cells with age.
Term
Melanin
Definition
Dark pigment produced by oxidation of tyrosine and dihydroxyphenol compounds, seen in skin, choroid coat of eye, some brain cells.
Term
Necrosis
Definition
Death of a cell or tissue, characterized by changes in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
Term
Chemical mediators
Definition
A variety of chemicals secreted by various cells and from injured tissue involved in the inflammatory response. Example- histamine. Responsible for mediating vascular and cellular responses in inflammation.
Term
Chemotaxis
Definition
Phenomenon that guides and attracts WBCs to the site of injury. Chemotactic agents include some of the chemical mediators, antibodies, products from bacteria and dead tissue.
Term
Exudate
Definition
Fluid accumulation outside of a vessel; it has a high protein content and contains various types of inflammatory cells.
Term
Hyperemia
Definition
Excess of blood
Term
Leukocyte
Definition
or WBC; the cell type that predominates in acute inflammation is the polymorphonuclear WBC (PMN) or the neutrophil.
Term
Monocyte/macrophage
Definition
Another type of white blood cell; as inflammatory process continues these cells finish off what the neutrophils begin and continue to clean up the debris.
Term
Permeability
Definition
The degree of selectivity a membrane shoes in allowing substances to pass through or in preventing passage, “leakiness”
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
A process in which a cell takes particles and substances into itself for destruction.
Term
Pyrogen
Definition
A fever-producing substance
Term
Transudate
Definition
In this case the fluid contains little, if any protein or cells, and is usally due to changes in hydrostatic pressure or osmotic pressure in the blood vessel.
Term
Vasodilation
Definition
Increase in size or diameter of a blood vessel; brought about by chemical mediators.
Term
Anglogenesis
Definition
The formation of new blood vessels.
Term
Cicatrix
Definition
A scar; the fibrous tissue left after the healing of a wound.
Term
Cicatrization
Definition
The formation of a scar (by conversion of granulation tissue to a scar).
Term
Collagen
Definition
The protein substance of fibers of skin, tendon, bone, cartilage and other connective tissues; produced by fibroblasts; several different types.
Term
Fibrosis
Definition
Formation of fibrous tissue usually in repair or replacement of cellular elements.
Term
Granulation tissue
Definition
The small, rounded masses of tissue formed during healing; made up of newly formed capillaries, fibroblasts elaborating connective tissue, and macrophages.
Term
Keloid
Definition
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped scar due to excessive collagen formation during connective tissue repair.
Term
Regerneration
Definition
The renewal of structure by replacement of cells.
Term
Repair
Definition
Restoration of damaged tissue by the growth of new cells (the same as those that were lost, or different). Dependant on original cell type.
Term
Scar
Definition
Cicatrix; a mark remaining after the healing of a wound
Term
Anaphylaxis
Definition
A systemic allergic reaction; immediate hypersensitivity reaction to a small amount of antigen.
Term
Anitbody
Definition
A plasma protein, an immunoglobulin, produced by a plasma cell. There are 5 classes of antibodies or (immunoglobulins (Ig)). IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD.
Term
Antigen
Definition
Any substance that is not a natural part of an individual can induce an immune response and react with the products of that response. It is usually a protein or other large molecule, a pathogen or microorganism.
Term
Autoimmunity
Definition
An immune response that is directed against self-antigens on various body tissues. Both antibodies and T-cells will attach self-antigens.
Term
Hypersensitivity
Definition
Normal immune function is a defensive action by the host to neutralize potentially harmful antigens; abnormalities in immune function result when the system over-responds (hypersensitivity) or under responds (immunodeficiency). There are four types of hypersensitivity reactions that can lead to harm to host tissues - three mediated by humoral immunity (Types I, II, III) and one mediated by T cells (Type IV).
Term
Acquired Immunity
Definition
A specific response to a disease agent that sensitizes the system to the agent creating a greater response upon subsequent exposures.
Term
Cell-mediated Immunity
Definition
Direct attack of foreign “invader” by the T cells. T cells act directly on antigens; they act against viruses, fungi, parasites, tumor cells and some bacteria.
Term
Humoral Immunity
Definition
The production of circulating antibodies by B lymphocytes to mount an immune response; especially effective against bacteria.
Term
Natural Immunity
Definition
nonspecific or innate defense against disease; does not require previous exposure; comprised of barrier epithelial cells (of skin and mucous membranes of GI tract, respiratory tract and genitourinary tract); secretions (tears, saliva, mucous membrane secretions); the inflammatory response.
Term
Immunodeficiency
Definition
A loss of normal immune function; deficiencies can be genetic or acquired.
Term
B lymphocyte
Definition
one of two classes of lymphocytes; produced and mature in the bone marrow (Bone marrow -derived); when stimulated by an antigen they transform and mature into plasma cells - each plasma cell produces an antibody which is secreted into the circulation and attacks foreign substances (antigens).
Term
T lymphocyte
Definition
One of two classes of lymphocytes; lymphoid stem cell produced in the bone marrow and matures in the thymus (Thymus-derived); cells that can recognize specific antigens and attack foreign cells. There are several classes of T cells, e.g. cytotoxic T cells, helper/inducer T cells, suppressor T cells.
Term
Natural Killer Cells
Definition
A population of lymphocytes that cannot be classified as T or B cells; have the capacity to recognize and kill a variety of tumour cells or virally-infected cells.
Term
Anaplasia
Definition
complete lack of differentiation; cell has reverted back to its nondifferentiated or primitive form - variable cell and nuclear size and shape, increased chromatin, increased and atypical mitosis.
Term
Benign tumour
Definition
a tumour that DOES NOT invade or spread.
Term
Cancer
Definition
the general term used for MALIGNANT neoplasms.
Term
Differentiation
Definition
- all cells go through a process of differentiation in which a primitive, nonspecialized cell matures into a specific cell type (e.g. muscle cells, nerve cells, etc.). Neoplastic cells are often assessed for their degree of differentiation, i.e. the extent to which the cell resembles its normal mature counterpart.
Term
Dysplasia
Definition
abnormal tissue development, may see changes in nucleus (irregular nucleus - increased size or change in shape, increased number of nucleoli, increased amount of chromatin) or cytoplasm; may be reversible.
Term
Malignant tumour
Definition
defined by the ability to invade local tissues and spread to distant sites (metastasis).
Term
Metastasis
Definition
the ability of a cancer to spread to other parts of the body through the blood or lymph circulation and establish and grow new tumours; metastases refers to the secondary tumours that are implanted at the distant site.
Term
Neoplasia
Definition
literally means "new growth"; the process that results in the formation and growth of a tumour.
Term
Neoplasm
Definition
an abnormal mass of tissue that grows more rapidly than normal, is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue and continues to grow after the stimulus that initiated the new growth is removed or stops.
Term
Oncogenes
Definition
are deregulated or altered genes (proto-oncogenes) that lead to the development of cancer; these proto-oncogenes are usually normal genes that play key roles in controlling cell growth and differentiation.
Term
Oncology
Definition
the field involved in the study and treatment of tumours (oncos = tumour).
Term
What are the two leading causes of death in both men and women?
Definition

1. Cancer

2. Heart Disease

Term
True or False, Roughly the same amount of men and women die from heart disease?
Definition
TRUE
Term
What type of cancer is the leading cause of death in men and women?
Definition
Lung Cancer
Term
What are the three leading causes of morbidity?
Definition
1. Circulatory Disease
2. GI Disease
3. Respiratory Disease
Term
oligohydramnios 
Definition
A defect in pregnancy meaning abnormally low amounts of amniotic fluid.
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