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Pathology Exam 3 Endocrine Metabolic Systems and Diabetes
Endocrine Metabolic Systems and Diabetes
80
Pathology
Graduate
08/17/2016

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Term
Endocrine System
Definition
Glands in the body that produce and release hormones into bloodstream
Term
Hormones
Definition
chemical messengers that have specific target cells to enact a change
Term
Endocrine Functions
Definition
-Differentiate the reproductive and nervous system in the fetus
-Growth during childhood
-Coordination of reproduction
-Homeostasis
-Corrective adaptations
Term
organs of the endocrine system
Definition
-hypothalamus
-pituitary
-thyroid
-adrenals
-pancreas
-ovaries
-testes
Term
Neuroendocrine response to stress
Definition
-Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
-Immune, nervous and endocrine systems work together to deal with stressor
-Catecholamines released
Term
effects of catecholamines
Definition
-↑ rate and force of heart- ↑ CO
-Vasoconstrict blood vessels- ↑ BP
- ↑ glycogenolysis- ↑ blood glucose levels
-↑ catabolism of fats – ↑ lipids in blood
Term
Cortisol comes from which gland?
Definition
adrenal
Term
cortisol functions
Definition
Primarily regulates the metabolism of proteins carbohydrates, and lipids to cause an elevation in blood glucose level
Term
Endorphins
Definition
Modulate the transmission of pain perceptions by raising the pain threshold and producing sedation and euphoria
Term
Growth hormone (GH):
Definition
Stimulates and controls the rate of skeletal and visceral growth by directly influencing protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism
Term
Prolactin
Definition
-Stimulates the growth of breast tissue
-sustains milk production in postpartum
Term
Testosterone
Definition
-Regulates male secondary sex characteristics testes prostrate body hair and sex drive (libido)
-Women libido, bone strength
Term
Aging and the endocrine system
Definition
Decreased ability to maintain homeostasis
Decrease in the size of most glands
Glands become more fibrotic
Term
most obvious endocrine function changes with age
Definition
-reproductive function , calcium metabolism
-Loss of body hair
-changes in the skin’s collagen content and thickness
-increase in the percentage of body fat
a decrease in bone mass
Term
Hypothalamic Control
Definition
Hypothalamus controls pituitary
Directs the function of endocrine organs
Term
primary vs secondary endocrine system pathology
Definition
-Primary – dysfunction within gland (EG Inflammation , tumor)
-Secondary- under or overstimulation of gland (Eg. damage to hypothalamus and or pituitary gland)
Term
Pituitary Gland
-general role
-divisions
Definition
Master gland –regulates other endocrine glands
Divided into anterior and posterior
Term
Anterior Pituitary Gland - hormones controlled
Definition
-Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-
-Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-
-Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-
-Prolactin (PRL)-
-Growth hormone (GH)-
-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)-
Term
Posterior Pituitary - hormones controlled
Definition
Manufactured in hypothalamus & stored in Posterior pituitary Gland
-Anti diuretic hormone(ADH)-
-Oxytocin-
Term
Anti diuretic hormone(ADH)-regulates
Definition
water balance, BP
Term
Oxytocin-stimulates
Definition
uterine contractions for labor and milk secretion , sleep wake cycle
Term
Hyperpituitarism can lead to
Definition
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Cushing’s disease
Term
Gigantism
Definition
from Hyperpituitarism
↑ GH before epiphyseal closure
↑ bone thickness
↑ long bone growth
Term
Acromegaly
Definition
from hyperpituitarism
↑ GH after epiphyseal closure-
-Bones most affected -face, jaw, hands, and feet
-Treatment -pituitary tumors surgical removal, drug therapy, radiation therapy
Term
Cushing’s disease
Definition
from Hyperpituitarism
↑ (ACTH) adrenocorticotropic hormone –stimulates adrenal glands to ↑ cortisol production
Term
Hypopituitarism leads to...
cause?
treatment?
Definition
Dwarfism- ↓ GH
Treatment –Remove causative factor
Term
problems associated with the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Definition
Diabetes Insipidus
SIADH (Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone)
Term
Diabetes Insipidus
-cause
-what is it?
Definition
Not enough ADH
Excrete too much urine
Dangerous water imbalance
Term
SIADH
-cause
-what is it?
Definition
(Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone)
Excessive ADH
Fluid retention water Intoxication
Monitor urine and weight
Term
thyroid gland regulates
Definition
Metabolic rate and Calcium
Term
Primary hormones produced by the thyroid:
Definition
-Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3)- –Regulate metabolism
-Calcitonin- calcium and phosphorus balance
Term
Hyperthyroidism leads to...
Definition
Elevation of Body Metabolism
Impacts almost every system
Heat intolerance
Wt. loss
Sweats
goiter
Term
graves disease
Definition
-autoimmune disease ( unknown cause)
-body produces antibody to attack the thyroid
-Antibody causing inflammation around the eyes
-Proximal muscle weakness
Term
Type 2 Diabetes
Definition
Diabetes mellitus
most common form of diabetes, 90%
Term
Type 2 diabetes
ethnic factor
Definition
Black, Native, Hispanic, Mexican, and Asian Americans are 1.5 to 2 times more likely to develop DM than are white Americans
Term
type 2 diabetes
onset
Definition
-gradual onset
Term
type 2 diabetes risk factors
Definition
-Highly related to obesity/body fat distribution
-Family Hx
-Risk Increases with age
-Poor fitness levels
-Hx of gestational diabetes, or babies greater than 9 lbs
-HTN
High cholesterol/LDL
Term
type 2 diabetes pathological manifestation
Definition
blindness, kidney failure, and various neuropathies
Atherosclerosis and the accompanying large-vessel changes
skin changes
impaired wound healing
Term
diabetes prevention and diet + exercise
Definition
-lose weight
-lowers incidence of type 2 diabetes
-muscles absorb blood sugar
-improves insulin sensitivity
Term
treatments for diabetes
Definition
exercise
diet
oral hyperglycemic agents
Insulin administration
Fluid intake
Term
type 2 diabetes diagnosis
Definition
-a casual plasma glucose concentration ≥ 200 mg/dL
-Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 126 mg/dL after no caloric intake for at least 8 hours
-A1c ≥ 6.5%
-polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss
Term
types of self-monitoring of blood glucose
Definition
3 or more times daily
-Direct blood sampling (fingersticks)
-Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)
Term
diabetes neuropathies
Definition
Peripheral
Sensory, motor, autonomic
Term
Musculoskeletal complications with diabetes
Definition
Adhesive capsulitis
CTS
Muscle atrophy
Syndrome of Limited Joint Mobility
Term
Foot Care considerations with diabetes
Definition
-Toenail care
-Loss of sensation
-Loss of motor control of foot muscles
-Foot deformities
Term
Hashimoto thyroiditis
-what is it?
-what does it cause?
-gender risk
Definition
Autoimmune disease that attacks the thyroid
destruction of the thyroid gland
Causes hypothyroidism
Women 7-10 times more likely
Term
hypothyroidism
Definition
-Slowing of BMR
-Anemia
-Diminished CNS function
-Weakness
Term
Slowing of BRM associated with hypothyroidism leads to...
Definition
-Fatigue
-Wt gain
-Bradycardia
-Decreased heat production
-Decreased GI motility
Term
Goiter
-what is it?
-what causes it?
Definition
-enlarged thyroid
-caused cancer ot by lack of iodine -> releases TSH, causing excessive growth
Term
Parathyroid
-what does it release?
-what does it regulate?
Definition
PTH-regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism, fluid balance
Term
hyperparathyroid
-what is it?
-what does it cause?
Definition
-Too much PTH
-High blood Ca++
-Bone loss
-Kidney damage
Term
Hypoparathyroid
-what is it?
-what does it cause?
Definition
-Too little PTH-
-Low calcium
-tingling in the fingertips, mouth, feet
-Muscles Spasms
-Arrhythmias
-CNS effects- use calcium to conduct
Term
adrenal glands secrete
Definition
-Mineralocorticoids
-Glucocorticoids
-Androgens
-epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
Addison disease
-what is it?
-what does it lead to?
Definition
insufficient cortisol release from the adrenal glands
-weak, exhausted,
-Hypotensive
-Anorexia ,weight loss
-nausea, and vomiting
-diminished resistance to stress
Term
Aldosterone
-what secretes it?
-what does it control?
Definition
-secreted by the adrenal gland
-Important in controlling BP
Term
Aldosterone
how does it control blood pressure?
Definition
acts on the nephron
-increased water and sodium retention, and potassium extretion
Term
adrenal insufficiency
-leads to (including hormone)
Definition
-aldosterone insufficiency
-causes fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Term
Conn syndrome
Definition
-hypersecretion of aldosterone
-enhances sodium reabsorption, water retention , decreased potassium retention
Term
Hypercortisolism
-causes
Definition
with the adrenal gland
caused by:
-High doses of corticosteroids
-Adrenocortical tumors
-Pituitary tumors – too much ACTH
-ACTH stimulation from the pituitary gland
Term
cushings disease
-what's going on?
Definition
-Hypercortisolism
-↑ (ACTH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (pituitary) –stimulates adrenal glands to ↑ cortisol production
Term
cushing's disease
-manifestations
Definition
thinning hair
acne, red cheeks, moon face, buffalo hump
-increased body-facial hair
-weight gain
-purple striae
Term
Cushings disease
-treatment
Definition
Treatment-surgical removal, drug therapy, radiation therapy
Term
pancreas, endocrine function
Definition
Controls Blood glucose levels by secreting
-Glucagon-α Cells
-Insulin- β cells
Term
Insulin-β cells
Definition
takes sugar out of the blood and allows storage in the liver
Term
Glucagon-α Cells
Definition
Stimulate liver and other cells to release stored glucose
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
-what is it
-what is the result
-types?
Definition
Group of disorders caused by improper function of insulin
-results in hyperglycemia
- Type 1 and type 2
Term
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
-what is it?
-where is it usually seen?
-requires for treatment?
Definition
Cell – mediated autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans in the Pancreas
-seen in children
-requires insulin
Term
Type 1 diabetes treatment
Definition
-insulin administration
(rapid-short acting before meal)
(intermediate-long acting 1-2x per day)
-insulin pump (constant monitoring)
-diet management to maintain glucose control
Term
Complications of type 1 diabetes
Definition
-decreased glucose utilization
-increased fat metabolism (forms acidic ketone)
-Glucosuria
-hypoglycemia
-
Term
increased fat metabolism leads to
Definition
-Formation of ketones (acidic)
-Potential diabetic ketoacidosis
Term
Glucosuria
Definition
glucose pulls water with it, causing fluid volume deficit in the body
Term
Type 1 diabetes mellitus manifestation
Definition
-Thirst
-Polyuria
-Fatigue and weakness
-Blurred vision
-Sugar in urine
-Fruity, sweet, or wine-like odor on breath
-Stupor, unconsciousness
-Drowsiness, lethargy
Term
blood sugar tests
Definition
-Hemoglobin A1C
-Fasting blood sugar test
-Oral glucose tolerance test
Term
Hemoglobin A1C
-what is it?
-timeline?
Definition
a blood sugar test, measuring the percent of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin.
-Gives average of past 3 months
Term
Fasting blood sugar test
-what is it?
-unit used?
Definition
BLOOD SUGAR TEST
Measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)
Term
Oral glucose tolerance test
-what is it?
-when is it used?
Definition
-blood sugar test
-Used during pregnancy
Term
normal blood sugar levels
Definition
fasting blood glucose less than 126
Hb A1C below 5.7%
Term
Prediabetes blood sugar levels
Definition
Fasting blood sugar between 100-126 mg/dL
Hb A1C between 5.7%- 6.5%
Term
Diabetes blood sugar level
Definition
-casual plasma glucose concentration ≥ 200 mg/dL
-Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 126 mg/dL after no caloric intake for at least 8 hours
-A1c ≥ 6.5%
Term
prediabetes
-general description
-risk factor
Definition
body not utilizing glucose properly
-decreased insulin sensitivity
-increased insulin resistance
increased risk of type 2 DM
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