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Pathology Exam 2 Metabolic System Osteoporosis
Metabolic System Osteoporosis
62
Pathology
Graduate
08/03/2016

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Term
Osteoblast can become
Definition
bone lining cell or...
osteocyte
Term
to avoid with osteoporotic patients
Definition
-deep flexion
-high impact
Term
skeleton annual turnover
Definition
10% percent
Term
what does the skeleton store?
Definition
calcium and phosphorus
Term
parathyroid hormone
Definition
-stimulates osteoclasts,
-increasing the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood
-decreasing bone density
Term
Vitamin D (Calcitriol)
Definition
-stimulates osteoclasts,
-increasing the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood
-decreasing bone density
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
-hormone
-stimulates osteoblasts
-decreases the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood
-increases bone density
Term
bone makeup
Definition
outer dense cortical bone
inner spongy trabecular bone
Term
Trabecular bone
Definition
-spongy or cancellous
-center meshwork, 15-20% calcified
-20% of adult skeleton
Term
cortical bone
Definition
compact
-constituting roughly 80% of skeletal mass
-80-90% calcified
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
a chronic progressive disease
-porous bone
-THE most common metabolic bone disease
Term
remodeling
Definition
-osteoclasts break down (resorption)
-osteoblasts lay down new cells (formation)
Term
importance of CALCIUM
Definition
-regulates heart rate
-muscle contractions
-blood pressure
-clotting, nerve function, enzyme reactions
Term
osteoporosis pathogenesis
-describe
-cell activity
Definition
when new bone formation falls behind resorption
-Dec osteoblastic activity
-Increased osteoclast activity
Term
Softening of the bones
Definition
Osteomalacia
Term
Low bone mass (on your way to osteoporosis)
Definition
Osteopenia
Term
Increased bone density
Definition
Osteopetrosis
Term
Decreased bone density (strength)
Definition
Osteoporosis
Term
primary osteoporosis
Definition
typically comes with age, although can be idiopathic
-↓ Vit D, ↓ Calcium,
- Postmenopausal/estrogen-deficient
Term
secondary osteoporosis
-what can bring it on?
Definition
-prolonged cortcosteroid therapy,
-alcoholism, malnutrition, malabsorption, lactose intolerance
-GI disorders
-endocrine disorders
Term
osteoporosis
men vs. women stats
Definition
One in every two women older than age 50 will experience fragility fractures secondary to osteoporosis.
-vs. 1/4 Men
Term
the cause of primary osteoporosis
Definition
unknown
Term

contributing factors to osteoporosis

(primary, physiological and lifestyle)

Definition
-Mild but prolonged negative calcium balance -Declining gonadal and adrenal function -Relative or progressive estrogen -deficiency -Sedentary lifestyle
Term
menopause and osteoporosis
Definition
-marked reduction in the circulating concentrations of estradiol and progesterone. These usually block cytokines, which slow down bone resorption.
Term
bone mass peaks at what age?
Definition
25-25 y/o
Term
estrogen deficiency - leads to
Definition
-Decreased intestinal calcium absorption -increased bone resorption to compensate for low calcium levels -impaired osteoblastic activity
Term
ethnicity and osteoporosis
Definition
-Bone mass correlates positively with skin pigmentation
-Whites least amount of bone mass
-Darker skin have the greatest bone mass
Term
gender and bone structure
Definition
-Men have wider long bones than women -Thin women have less cortical bone
Term
obesity and osteoporosis
Definition
-increased mechanical strain on bone increases bone mass
-obesity increases naturally available estrogen
Term
cigarette smoking on bone density
Definition
decreases bone density
Term
alcohol on bone density
Definition
>2 drinks/day decreases osteoblastic activity, and impairs GI absorption, leading to Calcium being pulled from the bone
Term
Systemic corticosteroid therapy
-effects on bone density
Definition
Impair calcium absorption
Impede osteoblastic activity

-Loss of 10% to 15% of spinal trabecular bone mass is possible in first 6 months.1-2% annually after that
Term
anorexia and bulimia on bone density
Definition
-Decreased intake/absorption of calcium
-Low body weight
-Dec nutrients
Term
celiac disease on bone density
Definition
-impairs absorption of calcium, nutrients, and vitamin D needed for maintaining healthy bones
Term
High cholesterol and bone density
Definition
decreases overall bone production
Term
Osteoporosis Clinical Manifestations
Definition
-thoracic kyphosis
-loss of height
-weak abdominal muslces, protrusion
-forward head
-dowager's hump
-shoulder internal rotation
(CHECK SUPINE POSTURE)
Term
osteoporosis
-common fracture sites
Definition
-vertebral bodies (most common)
-Hip
-Wrist
Term
cure for osteoporosis
Definition
none :(
Term
Medical management of osteoporosis
Definition
-minimize risks
-provide dietary calcium intake in childhood/adolescence
-regular exercise and calcium throughout lifetime
-Vitamin D (sunshine)
Term
diagnosis of osteoporosis
Definition
bone mineral density testing
Term
who should test for osteoporosis?
Definition
-every woman age 65 years
-postmenopausal women who have sustained adulthood fracture, have family history, are thin, or smoke
-MEN over 70
Term
Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
Definition
A DXA scanner produces two X-ray beams
-One beam is high energy and one low energy
-difference between the two beams allows bone density to be determined
Term
T scores
Definition
in assessing/diagnosing osteoporosis in an individual.
– 1.0 S.D. or higher Normal; low risk for fracture
–1.0 to –2.5 Osteopenia (low bone mass)
–2.5 or lower Osteoporosis
Term
pharmacological management of osteoporosis
Definition
-Estrogen replacement therapy ( ERT) -Selective Estrogen Replacement Modulators (SERMs) -Biphosphonates -calcium and Vitamin D
Term
estrogen replacement therapy on osteoporosis
Definition
been shown to decrease risk for osteoporosis
Term
Selective Estrogen Replacement Modulators
-E.G.
-effect on osteoporosis
Definition
e.g., raloxifen (Evista)-
estrogen agonist activity in bone but with estrogen antagonist activity or no activity in reproductive tissues and breast
Term
Biophosphonates and osteoporosis
Definition
inhibit bone resorption ,reverse bone loss
Term
osteoporosis prognosis post injury
Definition
-24% of women over the age of 50 years die within one year post osteoporotic-associated hip fracture from complications (e.g., pneumonia, infections, and emboli)
Term
Adverse side effects of long-term use of bisphosphonates
Definition
include esophagitis, heartburn, abdominal pain, and diarrhea
Term
physical medicine for osteoporosis
-goals
Definition
1. Reduction of Pain
2. Correct Postural Dysfunction
3. Decrease Risk of Falls
4. Increase/ Maintenance of Bone Mass
Term
exercises to help with osteoporosis
Definition
-seated rows, wall squats, back extensions, and lat pull downs (for wrist, hip, &spine)
-balance
-postural
-functional activities
Term
wolff's law
Definition
Bone is laid down in areas of stress and reabsorbed in areas of non-stress
Term
exercises for osteoporosis in people with history of vertebral fractures EXCLUSIONS (e.g.)
Definition
spinal flexion, side bending, or spinal rotation should be excluded (e.g., golfing, bowling, biking, rowing, sit-ups)
Term
Paget disease
-what's going on
Definition
abnormal bone remodeling with increased bone resorption ( osteoclasts) and excessive, unorganized new bone formation caused by activated osteoblasts
-rapid bone resorption = fibrous tissue replaces bone
Term
Paget disease
-outcome
Definition
-enlarged but weakened bone
-deformity
-fracture
-arthritis
-pain
Term
paget disease age factor
Definition
-Rare before 35, most over 50
Term
paget disease genetic component
Definition
Populations of the British Isles and countries where migration from Britain occurred have a greater incidence
Term
paget disease
-aka
-cause
Definition
-AKA- osteitis deformans
-cause unknown
Term
paget disease manifestation
Definition
-bone pain and skeletal deformities
-in the skull and spinal column can produce neurologic complication (impingement or ischemia)
Term
medicine for paget disease
Definition
Bisphosphonates- inhibit osteoclasts
Term
paget disease and exercise
Definition
-exercise is recommended to compensate for mechanical disadvantages and reduce pain
-Stretching, strengthening, endurance, aerobics, balance, and coordination exercises are important
Term
paget disease, exercises to avoid
Definition
-jogging, running, and jumping
-if the spine is affected, forward bending and twisting exercises
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