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Pathological Concepts
Nurs 242
64
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
09/21/2012

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Term
Patho
Physio
ology
Definition
disease
processes
study of
Term
Etiology
Definition
Cause
Term
Risk Factors
Definition
characteristics or behaviors that increase the chance of developing the disease
(smoking, alcohol, hypertension etc)
Term
Idiopathic
Definition
unknown cause
Term
pathgenesis
Definition
the study of the origin of the disease
Term
Pathogenesis
-Example of Structural abnormalities
Definition
Broken bone
Term
Pathogenesis
- Example of Functional abnormalities
Definition
cells look normal but do not produce secretions or homeone
Term
Pathogenesis
- Cell Stimulation
Definition
over function
Term
Pathogenesis
-Cell depression
Definition
not enough cells or they stop working
ex. Type I diabetes- beta cells in pancreas stop producing insulin
- decrease in number, metabolism, mechanical function, etc.
Term
Manifestations
Definition
-indications of disease
-Way we know disease is present
-Results of test and studies
(Visible)
Term
Compensatory Mechanism
Definition
Body's attempt to:
-make up for less or alteration
- fight back
- make up for the change
Term
Example of Compensatory Mechanism
Definition
Pneumonia
increase respiratory rate
increase heart rate to get oxygen to tissues
Term
Sequela
Definition
-a consequence of a disease process
-condition resulting after a disease
-manifesations
-coughing
-fatigue
Term
Complications
Definition
Secondary, often preventable problems known to occur with a disease in some, but now all
-COULD HAVE BEEN PREVENTED
Term
Signs
Definition
OBJECTIVE evidence of disease!
-physical exam
-Oberservations
-lab data
-Diagnostic testing
Term
Symptoms
Definition
SUBJECTIVE data from client
-thoughts, feelings, memories
-fatigue, chest pain, short of breadth, sore throat
Term
Systemic manifestation
Definition
whole body is affected
- fever, fatigue
Term
Local
Definition
limited to one place or part of the body
-sore throat, fractures, cancers, skin infections
Term
Syndromes
Definition
complex of signs and symptoms that occur together
-irritable bowel syndrome
-toxic shock syndrome
-chronic fatigue sydnrome
Term
Prevalence
Definition
-# of people in the population who have a disease at a given time
# of cases/ # in population
Term
Incidence
Definition
# of new cases presented in year/ # in population

-much lower than prevalence
Term
Acute diseases
Definition
- relatively, sudden onset
-short term
-only sometimes serious or life threatening
Term
Examples of Acute Diseases
Definition
-Respiratory illness (sinus, cold, upper respiratory)
-Injuries
-Infections other than respiratory (GI, Skin infections)
Term
Chronic Disease
Definition
-Long Term
-Do not resolve spontaneously
-more gradual onset
-more severe symptoms and signs**
-frequent cause of death
-increasing incidence with increasing age
70% people die
Term
Most Common Examples of Chronic Disease
Definition
-Arthritis (joints)
-Hearing impairment
-Hypertension
-Heart disease
-Chronic lung disease
-Cancer
Term
Mortality
Definition
# of people dying in a year/ # people in population
Term
Morbidity
Definition
consequences of living with a disease-
amount of work missed, disability
Term
Leading causes of death
Definition
-heart disease
-cancer
-stroke
Term
Atrophy
Definition
decrease in cell SIZE!
Term
Hyperatrophy
Definition
Increase in cell SIZE
Term
Hyperplasia
Definition
increase in cell NUMBER #
Term
Metaplasia
Definition
substitution of one kind of cell for another
response to chronic irritation or inflammation
Term
Dysplasia
Definition
deranged cell growth
cells with varying size, shape and appearance
Term
A precursor to cancer
Definition
Cervical Dysplasia
Term
Necrosis
Definition
-cell death in organ or tissue (irreversible)
-cellular changes:
-nucleus shrinks
-cell membrane ruptures
-cell products, including enzymes spill into intracellular space--> causes neighboring cells to die
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
-lack of oxygen to tissue
-causes necrosis
Term
Coagulation Necrosis
Definition
Clot- dry, solid, won't spread
Term
Liquefaction Necrosis
Definition
Liquid
- spreads more easily
-more severe
-moist, yellow-->infection (bacteria), White blood cells
Term
Caseous Necrosis
Definition
"Cheese-Like"
common with TUBERCULOSIS
-less common
Term
Gangrene
Definition
considerable mass of necrotic tissue
Term
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
Definition
Apoptosis- programmed cell death
Necrosis- cells contents spill out
Term
Dry Gangrene
Definition
Coagulation (hypoxia)
Term
Wet Gangrene
Definition
Liquification
-life threatening
-spread through blood stream and can cause death
Term
Gas Gangrene
Definition
-less common -anerobic type of clostridium- H2S bubbles and gas rapid spreading
Term
Inflammation
Definition
reaction of tissue, to local injury
- normal protective response
-essential for wound healing
-helps control local infection
Term
Inflammatory Response
Definition
-Reaction of tissue to local injury
-Vascular response: vasodilatation and increased capillary permeability
-Cellular response: leukocytes (WBC) drawn to area of injury
Term
Vascular Response
Definition
Warmth- increase blood in area
Swelling- increase amount of cells in area
Redness- increase blood
Pain
Loss of function
Term
Inflammatory Mediators: Histamine
Definition
vasodilatation and capillary permeability
- response to allergies
Term
Inflammatory mediators: Prostaglandins
Definition
Pain during inflammation
Term
Inflammatory Mediators: Interleukins
Definition
signaling WBCs
Term
Cellular Response: Migration
Definition
(marching)
WBCs line up against the wall of the vessels
-heat pours out of capillaries
Term
Cellular Response: Emigration
Definition
WBCs move through wall of vessels to site of injury
Term
Cellular Response: Chemotaxis
Definition
the signaling of chemicals to draw WBCs to area of injury
Term
Cellular Response: phagocytosis
Definition
WBC engulf bacteria; chewing and reprocessing
Term
Healing and Tissue Repair: purpose
Definition
to fill tissue gap and restore structured continuity
Term
Healing and Tissue Repair: Regeneration
Definition
cell capable of dividing and making new cells (GI Tract)
Term
Healing and Tissue Repair: Fibrous Scar Tissue
Definition
Fibrous Scar Tissue substitution (heart)
Skeletal, CNS (spinal cord and brain), and other tissues cannot reproduce cells
Term
Diffusion
Definition
constant movement of molecules across a cell membrane to maintain homeostasis
refers to the movement of particules along a concentration gradient
movement from high to low concentration
Term
Osmosis
Definition
WATER
- water pulled to area of higher particle concentration (low to high)
-osmotically active particles (Na+, Cl-, urea, glucose)- osmotic pull is stronger than gravity
Term
Hydrostatic pressure
Definition
-pushing forces exerted by a fluid (water out of a hose; BP)
Term
Osmotic Pressure
Definition
(oncotic pressure)- pulling force exerted by large molecules in the capillaries (suspension of proteins (albumin) pulls fluid back into capillaries
Term
Capillary Fluid Exchange: Arteriole Side
Definition
Fluid is pushed out because Hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure
Term
Capillary Fluid Exchange: Venous End
Definition
Hydrostatic pressure is less than osmotic pressure, so fluid is being pulled into the capillaries
Term
Lymph Drainage
Definition
The lymphatic system picks up any extra fluid and plasma proteins from the interstitial spaces and returns to the blood circulation
Plasma proteins usually stay in capillaries but if they get out lymph system will pick up
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