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Patho- Final
Final
115
Pathology
Undergraduate 1
05/06/2013

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
Definition
Protien Packaging plant
Term
What is the ER
Definition
Where protien is made
Term
What is the mitochondria
Definition
The power house
Term
What are ribosomes?
Definition
This is where protiens live
Term
What are lysomes
Definition
This is what digest wastes
Term
What is cytoskeleton used for
Definition

Structure

Microfilaments- provide movement

Microtubules- Contron size and shape

Term
What is anarobic met?
Definition

Starts with Glycolgenic pathway

Little energy in cytoplasm

Pyruic acid builds up and creats lactic acid that damages the cell

Term
Aerobic metabolism
Definition

Aerobic metabolism stops> Less ATP is produced> NA/K pump can't run and causes cell to swell

Lots of energy in Mitchocondria

Term
Diffusion
Definition
Movement of molecules to be even
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Movement of water from greater to lesser to be even
Term
Facilitated diffusion
Definition

Molecules diffuse accross membrane with help

Pinocytosis- form a vacuole= no chem bond

Carrier Protien- helps drap= Chemical bond

Term
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Definition
Pull of Fluid d/t particles are high and want to be diluted
Term
Hydrostatic Pressure
Definition
Push of fluid against vessel wall or surrounding water also wants to be even
Term
Types of receptor protien
Definition

G-protien

Enzme linked

Ion Channel

Term
G protien linked- explain
Definition
Activation creates 2nd messenger
Term
Enzyme Linked Receptors
Definition
Very direct responce hooks up with a receptor
Term
Ion channel linked receptor
Definition
Rapid Synaptic Singaling
Term
Ion channel why are they so important and used for what
Definition
When you need a change fast... Ion exchange
Term
Non-gated leak channel
Definition
Ion flow in and out as they please with contrast gradient
Term
Ligand gated channel
Definition
Open only when protien or appropriate ligan open gate and alow movement out of cell
Term
Voltage gated channel
Definition

Open when ion gradiant changes according to voltage

*Concentration on ions in and out of cell. cells depend on electrical single

Term
When does membrane AP occur?
Definition

cell firing occurs in response to

chemical, Electricle, physical- Activity

Term
AP cell firing... Process
Definition

Stimulus

Cell is neg

stimulus causes some NA+ channels to open

NA+ rushes in making cell +

At threshold more NA Channels open

After threshold NA rushes in making cell very += Depol

AP cells respond by contracting

K+ channels open

K diffuses out making cell neg Repol

Na/K pump remove NA and pump K back in

 

 

Term
What is purpose of cellular adaption
Definition
Allows stressed tissue to maintain function to survive
Term

When ever our cells adapt their is gonna be change

 Name 5 ways and what is wrst?

Definition

Atrophy- wasting away

Hypertrophy- enlarge

Hyperplasia- more cells created

Metaplasia- Cells change in type

Dysplasia-WORST- Abnormal cells

Term
The 4 ways cells get injured
Definition

Direct

Free radicals

Calcium homostasis

Hypoxia

Term

Free Radicals- cell damage

 

Definition

Unpaired electrons in outter shell

Veryunstable and damage cell

removed by antioxidants

inhibit action of reactive 02

 

Term
Hypoxic cell injury- 2 ways
Definition

*MUST HAVE GOOD BF TO HAVE GOOD 02*

Aerobic- metabolism>Less ATP> Na/K can't run fast enough cell swells

Anarobis met>pyruic>Lactic>acid damages cell mem, intracellular structures and DNA

Term
Hypoxic cell injury no 02 what happens?
Definition
No energy can't make ATP, NA/K pump don't wrk, NA stays in cell and cell swells, 2 much lactic acid gets in and cell gets damaged
Term
Calcium Damage..Cell injury
Definition

Calcium homeostasis is important...excess damage could be caused by ishemia or toxins

Act as 2nd messenger in cell

Excess opening= more calcium gates in cell mem causing calcium causcade... This causes denaturing of protien, atp depletion and eventually shut cell down

Term
General adaptaion system what is it all about
Definition
Bodies responce to stress by releasing hormones
Term
What r 4 kinds of hormones that respond to stress and what do they do?
Definition

Cortisol- Alter glucose, fat and protien met

Epi/norepi- SNS activation, ^BP & HR, Decrease urine output

Renis- Angio 2 vasoconstriction

ADH- vasoconstrict, decrease urine

Term
Epi/Norepi..2ways of control
Definition

1. Heart>^HR & strenght=^BP

2. Blood vessels> vasonconstrict in skin, gut and kidneys- ^ BP

*ALL ABOUT PERIPHERIAL CONSTRICTION

Term

Cortisol.. Reulates in 2 ways

 

Definition

1. Alters glucose fat and protien met

2. Suppresses immun and inflam response

Term
RAA- Process
Definition

Decrease urine in kidney

Kidney release renin

A1-weak

Ace- lungs

A2- strong vasoconstriction

adrenal cortex

aldosterone

Term
ADH what does it do?
Definition

Vasoconstricts

Kidneys reabsorb water from urine to blood

Term
What is roll of angio 2 in terms of hrt faliure
Definition
Causes cardiac remodeling= bad
Term
How does neoplasia start have to have 2 things
Definition
  1. Mutastion of protoncogene
  2. Mutation of tumor suppressor gene
Term
What does Gene repain P53 do?
Definition
Repairs Dna
Term
What are protoncogenes?
Definition
Genes that control normal cell growth
Term
Tell me about cancer cells
Definition

Const reproduce

Spred/ metastise

imortal

can act like normal tissue

take up resources

Malignant- poor differentiated

benign- look like normal tissue

Term
Innate immunity what is it?
Definition

Present @ birth

does not distinguish among diff types

Mech include:Epithelial barriers, phag cells, killer cells, plasma protiens

Term
Cells of innate immunity
Definition

Nutrophils- 1st respnders, phagocytic, release protease and cytokines- break protien

Macrophages- fixed or magratory, phag, enhance inplamm resonce to active in healing

Dendrite- APC show to T&B cells lyphocyte

NK- undiff lymphocyte, special to cancer

Term

What is acquired immunity

 

Definition

Something that you have ben exsposed to

Humoral- antibody in blood that attack specific antigen

Cell mediated- phagocystic attack specific antigen, T lymph

Term
What is Complement
Definition

serious 20 plasma protiens that promote and enhance immune inlamation function- activated by antigen or metabolic function

Opsonization- coats bacteria

chemotaxis- cytokines to attact

Cell mem attack complex- final event

Term
Last step in complement
Definition
Membrain attack complex
Term
What is CD4
Definition
Helper t cell
Term
What is CD8?
Definition
Kills and destroys the virus... Cytotoxic cell
Term
What are Plasma cells?
Definition
bCELLS THAT PRODUCE ANTIBODIES THAT ATTACH TO ANTIGEN TO MARK AND DESTROY
Term
What r memory cells
Definition
Return to bone and lymph to make memory for later... part of 2nd responce
Term
Coagulation process how does it start
Definition

Start with platelet plug over injury

coagulation cascade begines forms a mesh

Fibrin makes clot

Plasmin breaks the clot

Term

4 types of Hyp sence Reaction

 

Definition

1- Allergic/anaphalactic

2. Antibody mediated

3. Immune- complex mediated

4- Tcell mediated

Term
Type 1 Hype
Definition
Mast cells release Histamine causes vasoconstriction/Bronchodialation
Term
Type 2 Hyp
Definition

Antibodies block @ receptor sight

* antibodies against our specific cell

Term
Type 3 hyp
Definition

Inappropriate responce that causes our tissues to get injured

Immunce complex mediated- deposited in tissues and activate complement... causes tissue damage d/t inflammation responce, plaque formed. inappropriate responce

Term
Type 4 Hype
Definition

Abnormal t cells attack tissue antigen

Delayed- type hypersensitivity

Direct killing of all viral infections

*For unknown cause t cells can't get activated

Term
Mast cells start inflammation process and release what
Definition
Leukotriences
Term
Mast cell degeneration release histamine and causes what?
Definition
vasoconstriction
Term
Aptosis
Definition
Damage old cell gets worn out and quietly dies and engulfed by WBC
Term
Necrotic cell death
Definition
Happens d/t cell injury.. Inflammation. distrubes other cells and messes up area
Term
advantage of aptosis vs necrotic
Definition
no Inflammation
Term
Inflam process how does it start 3 important things
Definition
Tissue injury causes Cytokene release causes Vasodilation and increase cap perm
Term
Vascular changes with inflam process
Definition

ateries vein dilate to increase bf to injury= redness &warmth

Cap become per to allow exudate to exscape to tissue= swelling &pain

Inflamm mediators released

Term
Cellular activity with inflammation..WBC enter injury and 3 things happen
Definition

Destroy infective organism

Remove damage cells

Release more inflamm mediators to control further inflammation and healing

Term
Basophiles/mast cells
Definition
Release heperin histamine and inflamm mediators
Term
Eosinophiles
Definition
Help control allergic responses fight parasights
Term
Neutrophils
Definition
Prim path fighting
Term
Inate myeloid:Platelets
Definition

Thrombopoeting:stimulate production

Made in liver kidney smooth m, bone marrow

Megakarocytes:formed in bone marrown break apart to form platelets

Stored in spleen live 8-9days

Term
Monocytes and Granular leukocytes
Definition

Monocytes/macrophages

APC

Phagocyte

Create inflam mediators

healiong

Term
NK cells- aquired
Definition
Plasma cells- antibodies mem cells= reconize
Term

Aquired/lymphoid

T Lymphocytes

Tcells

Definition

control immune response

cell mediated immunity

Term
What happens if inflam goes systemic? SIRS
Definition
Cardiocas Collapse
Term
Cold Shock
Definition
Comp mech failure need agressive intervention
Term
Warm Shock
Definition
comp Mechinisms attach to maintain adequet BF
Term
Distribuative shock
Definition

Poor Perfusion as a result of vessel incomp

* all the fluid leaves vasc space to tissue

Term
Sodium what it does why is it important with cerebral  edema
Definition

Increase BP pulls fluid from vasc space..Brain will create osmoles that will hold onto water there fore increase salt levels will not effect brain

Give fluid slow isotonic

Term
Potassium
Definition

exchange H+ for buffer change in PH

increase K increase membrain potential

HRT can be affected

 

*Controls resting mem potential

Term
Mag what does it do?
Definition

Cofact in enzyme reaction

reg ca+ levels by binding to receptors

Interdependant with k+- alters hrt rhythem life threatening

*causes hrt dysrythmias

Term
Calcium
Definition

Hypercalemia- blocks na+ gates- muscle cell control excessive firing= nerve mess able to fire

Hypocalemia. block rewer na+ nerve fire more easy

Term
What is role of k in controlling acide base balance
Definition

Alkalosis= not enough H+. block k> hypokalemia

Acidosis= too manh h+> blood k increaes hyperkalemia

Term

Blood gas levels

Ph

Paco2

Hc03

Definition

7.34- 7.45

35- 45

22- 26

Term
Oxyhemoglobin curve what is it all about?
Definition
bODY WANTS TO DILIVER 02 WHERE NEEDED MOST
Term
Affinity
Definition

How tight Hgb to bond with 02

High hgb= bind easy= acidotic

low hgb= release 02 more= alkolotic

Term
we have 2 resp control centers where r they
Definition

periphery= carotid

central= medulla oblongota

Term
Central Chemorecptors
Definition
Respnd to ^ co2 stimulus acidosis short responce 1 min can't depend on
Term
Pheripheral Responce
Definition

Stimulus- hypoxic 02

if paco2- this will kick in to make you breath can depend on

Term
What is important about COPD pt
Definition

Depend on pheripheral

this is only pt you want to be hypoxic

chronic increase PC02

Pt will want 02 up but you cant d/t it wil short out pheripheral and your central system won't kick in

Term
Pleural effusiion
Definition
Fluid in pleural cavity
Term
What is pneumothorax?
Definition

Air in plura cavity

air takes up space restricts lung

partial or complete collapse

increase pressure can move trak and mediastinum to opp side of chest

Term
Bronchitis
Definition

Chronic infection d/t hypersecretion

increase globlet cells

airway plugging, inflammation

lung chroncally inflammed as result leads to cor pulm

 

Term
Emphysema
Definition

Barrel chest

Increase air space & destruction alveoli ts chronically sob

Term
HF because of Resp Problem HRT hypertophy leads to?
Definition
cor pulm
Term
What is ARDS all about
Definition

Start= lung exspode to hypoxia causes damage tissue starts inflammation process causes= scar tissue

 

Hypoxia that does not respond to ^02

d/t lung injury or inflam mediators this leads to scar tissue= 02

Term
What makes a plague vulnerable
Definition

large lipid core

thin fibrous cap

fissured cap

inflam w/i cap

superficual endothelial erosion

Term
s/s acs
Definition

chest pain

Sob

diaphoresis

ecg change

Term
Difference b/t cardiac and distribuative shock
Definition

Where it starts

cardiac starts at hrt- causes decrease C/o

distribuative starts with bad perfussion at tissue level, causes excessive relase inflamm mediator

Term
Neurogenic shock
Definition
Autonomic failure i have no autonmic tone
Term

Hrt Failure L vs R

 

Definition

R= congestion peripherial tissue= fluid in body

L= decrease c/0 pulm congestion= fluid in lungs

Term
What is nephotic syndrom
Definition
collection of symprtoms that r caused by glomerular disease
Term
4 aspects of nephrotic syndrom
Definition

Emema

Hyperlipidemia

Hypercoagibility

decrease immune comp

Term
what is chronic pyleonephritis
Definition

Chonic infect= inflam

repeat kidney infection

prevent healing

can lead to kidney failure

Term
what is acute pylynephritis
Definition
kidney infec caused by gram neg bacteria can lead to sepsis
Term
what is polynephritis
Definition
its an infection of kidney pelives and parachymal
Term
what is glomerulonephritis
Definition

damage to glomerlus 2 ways to get

 

1. membrane antibodies

2. complex decomposition

Term
By far what is the most common cause of ARF?
Definition
ischemia or toxic injury
Term
what r 3 causes of arf?
Definition

Prerenal= decrease bs to kidney

Intrarenal= intrinsic tubule funct

Post renal= urine flow is blocked cause a build up and lead to compartment syndrome

Term
wHEN DO YOU KNOW YOU HAVE TO HAVE HEMODIALYSIS
Definition
K+ greater then 7
Term
What is hemodilalysis
Definition
filters blood w/ osmosis and diffusion quickly
Term
Brush boarder breaks down what
Definition
Carbs and protiens
Term
most common cause of ulcer
Definition
H pylorie
Term
hat is the main diff w/ 2 inflam bowel diseases chrons and collitis
Definition

colitis= parital mucosa linning

Chrons transmural more likey to dies w/ infection

Term
you can have cirhosis of liver for many diff reason besides alcoholism name some
Definition

Fibrotic scar tissue

gallbladder problem

viral hep

bile duct problem

idiopathic

Term
Alcoholic liver disease how does it start
Definition

fatty liver

alcoholic hep- can turn around

cirrhpis= cant help

Term
ascites
Definition

lots of extra fluid

under high pressure

0 colloud pressure

moves out in to peritoneal space

Term
what 3 things lead to ascities
Definition

decrease colloid

increase hydro

aldosterone and adh remain in blood

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