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Patho Week 1
Temperature Regulation & Homeostasis
53
Pathology
Graduate
09/26/2013

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Cards

Term
Stress vs. Immune System
Definition
Stress, acute and chronic, weakens the immune system
Term
Music/Relaxation and its Effect on Stress
Definition
Music & Relaxation have been shown to propagate parasympathetic nervous activity, which secondarily inhibits sympathetic nervous activity and therefore symptoms of stress
Term
Stress and Cardiovascular Health
Definition
Cardiovascular issues, like CHF, can be worsened by stress, as the associated sympathetic nervous excitation causes an increase in the heart rate through neuroendocrine pathways
Term
Stress and Age
Definition
As one ages, the negative effects of stress worsen
Term
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Definition
Chronic activation of the stress response as a result of a significant traumatic event; treatments include relaxation exercises, guided imagery, music therapy, massage therapy, and biofeedback training
Term
Fever
Definition
>37.5 degC
cytokines act on the hypothalamus to raise the thermoregulatory set point causing body temperature to rise via shivering, increased metabolism, etc.
Term
Pt presents with fever; skin, pulse, and respiratory rate will be
Definition
warm/flushed, high, and high
Term
Acetominophen vs. Fever
Definition
Acetominophen inhibits cytokine activity, resetting the set-point in the hypothalamus, thereby reversing the natural fever pathway
Term
Severe Hypothermia
Definition
<28 degC, loss of ability to regulate heat loss
Term
Temperature-Taking Methods in Order from Most Accurate to Least Accurate
Definition
Rectal, Sublingual, Aural, Typmanic, Axillary
Term
Rewarming technique preferred for simple/moderate/severe hypothermia
Definition
passive/active external/active core
Passive: blanket and warm fluids
active external: hot bath
active core: peritoneal dialysis, warmed oxygen, etc.
Term
True or False: Warm skin is indicative of a fever.
Definition
True ALTHOUGH, many things may affect: weather, clothing, heater, etc.
Term
Importance of Thermoregulation
Definition
Biochemical processes in cells can only function between 35 and 37 degrees
Term
De/Repolarization
Definition
De: condition moves above upper or below lower threshold of homeostasis
Re: condition returns within limits of homeostasis

i.e.: Temperature: fever, then fever breaks
Term
4 mechanisms of heat production
Definition
it's SIMPle
Sympathetic nervous excitation
Involuntary muscle movement (shivering)
Metabolism
Physical exertion
Term
metabolic relationship to body temperature
Definition
7% increase in metabolic rate = 1+ degF
Term
4 Methods of Heat Loss
Definition
heat goes in a CiRClE
Convection
Radiation
Conduction
Evaporation
Term
Heat Stroke
Definition
marked by loss of ability to sweat
Term
Heat Gain & Loss Mechanisms and Heat Transfer Mechanism Involved
Definition
Gain
Shivering and Pilomotor constriction: conduction
Huddling: Radiation (reduces surface area)
Vasoconstriction: Radiation and Convection

Loss
Sweating: evaporation
vasodilation: radiation and convection
Term
C:F
Definition
1:9/5 + 32
Term
Condition under which body naturally returns to original set point in the presence of pyrogens
Definition
Trick question. As long as pyrogens are present, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) will continue to affect a rise in the set point in the hypothalamus. Acetominophen is not natural, but will counteract PGE2
Term
Four benefits of Fever
Definition
heat kills microbes, and interferes with their replication
facilitates immune response
measurable warning of disease
Term
Stages of Fever and Defining Characteristics
Definition
Prodrome: mild symptoms
Chill: clammy skin, shaking, "feel" cold
Flush: cutaneous vasodilation, warmth
Defervescence: initiation of sweating
Term
Fever vs. Hyperthermia
Definition
Increased set point VS. no change to set point
temp control mechanisms (TCMs) to return to normal VS. TCMs ineffective, heat production/absorption greatly outweighs efforts to lose heat; extreme: heat stroke
Term
Primary: Hyperthermia Secondary: Muscle Cramps
Definition
H--> excessive sweating--> sodium + water loss--> hyponatremia--> MC
Term
Primary: Hyperthermia Secondary: Oliguria
Definition
H--> excessive sweating--> water loss--> hypovolemia--> low GFR--> O
Term
True or False: Though deadly, heatstroke is easily treated, and pts often survive.
Definition
False, heatstroke--a rise in temp over 40degC/104degF--is characterized by a life-threatening loss of ability to thermoregulate. Hyperthermia must therefore be treated at Heat Exhaustion stage or earlier
Term
Malignant Hyperthermia
Definition
autosomal-dominant disorder: involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle increases body heat to dangerous levels in response to stress or general anesthesia
Term
Hypothermia
Definition
<21C/95F
Term
Primary: hypothermia Secondary: poor coordination
Definition
H--> increased protein coagulation--> increased blood viscosity--> decreased blood flow--> decreased oxygenation of brain--> PC
Term
Primary: hypothermia Secondary: Decreased Respiratory Rate
Definition
H--> hypothalamus (below lower threshold)--> parasympathetic pathway to reduce heat loss--> DRR
Term
Exogenous pyrogen
Definition
PGE2-releasing factor from outside the body; i.e. bacterial infection
Term
Endogenous Pyrogen
Definition
PGE2-releasing factor from inside the body; i.e. inflammatory responders
Term
Fever & Heart Rate
Definition
1degF increase in body temp = 15bpm increase in heart rate
Term
allostasis
Definition
physiological changes in neuroendocrine activity, autonomic nervous activity, and/or immune activity that occur as a response to internal and external stressors
Term
Primary: Calcium Deficiency Secondary: Normocalcemia
Definition
CD--> chemoreceptors signal parathyroid gland--> PTH is released--> increases osteoclast activity (resorption of calcium from bone)--> N

AND

PTH--> kidneys--> increased reabsorption of Ca++ into blood (N)

AND

Kidneys--> increased activation of Vit. D--> gut: increased absorption of Ca++ from diet (N)
Term
4 examples of compensatory mechanisms
Definition
Heat: sweat, vasodilation
Thirst: osmoreceptors--> Hypothal--> drink water
Acidosis: less reabsorption of H+, more reabosorption of HCO3-
Term
endogenous vs. exogenous STRESSORS
Definition
pathogens or events which activate the autonomic nervous/endocrine/immune pathways which originate within VS. without the body (i.e. MI VS. trauma)
Term
Responses to Stress
Definition
Adaptive changes to maintain function

OR

Failure to maintain function--> injury/maladaptive changes--> cell death
Term
stress
Definition
syndrome of the body developed in response to an intensely demanding stimulus
Term
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Definition
neuroendocrine, ANS, immune response; time limited: too long--> damage or desensitization
Term
Alarm
Definition
catecholamine reaction: nor/epinephrine released from adrenals, increasing BP & HR (Sympathetic Reaction)
Term
Cortisol
Definition
"Stress Hormone": glucocorticoid released by adrenals, alters glucose and fat metabolism (breaks down fats and sugars to glucose, raising blood glucose), and suppresses inflammatory/immune responses during stress
Term
Exhaustion
Definition
stressor overwhelms body, wear and tear, depletion of resources
Term
CNS Stress Response
Definition
Cerebral Cortex: increased focus
limbic system: emotional upheaval
thalamus: prioritizes sensory information
hypothalamus & pituitary: coordinates ANS and endocrine responses
reticular activating system (RAS): neural and muscular enhancement
Term
feedback inhibition
Definition
Product of a pathway inhibits different steps of its own synthesis, self-regulating amount synthesized. (i.e. cortisol--> pituitary and hypothalamus
Term
Primary: excess sodium in diet Secondary: normal blood osmolality
Definition
ESD--> osmoreceptors--> hypothalamus--> antidiuretic hormone (ADH)--> kidneys--> increased H2O reabsorption
Term
Prioritization of Blood During GAS
Definition
Heart (oxygenation)
Brain (focus, etc.)
Muscles (run/fight)
Term
Primary: hemorrhage Secondary: normal bp
Definition
H--> loss of blood volume--> baroreceptors--> JG cells--> renin--> angiotensinogen to angiotensin (AT) I--> lungs: ACE converts AT I to AT II--> adrenal cortex--> aldosterone--> sodium (and therefore water) reabsorption--> normal blood volume--> NBP

AND

AT II--> systemic arteriole vasoconstriction--> increased blood pressure--> NBP
Term
catecholamines
Definition
i.e. nor/epinephrine, released from the adrenal medulla during stress

increase heart rate, and vasoconstrict
Term
Clinical manifestation of ADH release
Definition
decreased output (urine)
Term
Three Patterns of Stressors (w/ examples)
Definition
Acute (severe hemorrhage)
Chronic intermittent (recurrent ear infection)
Chronic sustained (DM I)
Term
7 contributors to adaptive capacity
Definition
N-GRAPHS
Nutrition (eat better, adapt better)
Genetics/Age
Rate of need development (sudden: less chance for adaptation vs. gradual)
Anatomic reserve (number of kidneys, lungs)
Psychosocial factors (support system is good for adaptation)
Hardiness
Sleep
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