Shared Flashcard Set

Details

PATHO-Neoplasia/Hematopoietic
Last 2 lectures
36
Pathology
Undergraduate 3
04/16/2012

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Neoplasia
Definition
The formation or presence of abnormal growth tissue/cell
Term
Malignant Neoplasia
Definition
a tumor that is canerous and tends to spread to other parts of the body. 
Term
Tumor
Definition
swelling of a part of the body, caused by and abnormal growth of tissue wheter benign or malignant
Term
Benign
Definition

not harmful 

non-cancerous, slow growing, usually encapsulated, sticky cells (adhesion) (helps with removal), don’t spread to other parts of the body, and can be removed without reoccurrence. Usually not life-threatening (depending on its location and dependency)

Term
Malignant
Definition

tenging to invade normal tissue or to reoccur after removal of cells/tissue; growth rate is very quick, not encapsulated, and difficult to remove. Tend to shed their cells into other areas in the blood stream and have a regrowth factor.

 

 

 

Term
Hyperplasia
Definition
enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells, often the initial stage of cancer development
Term
Stomatitis
Definition
inflammation of the mucos membrane of the mouth
Term
Cachexia
Definition
weakness and wasting of the body due to to severe-chronic illness
Term
Angiogenosis
Definition
development of blood vessels
Term
Oncogenic
Definition
Causing development of a tumor 
Term
Malignant cells...
Definition
 spread easily and fast into other cells and tissues. Lymphatic sxs and blood stream via long projections (crab-like projections) to latch on to other tissue to being growth of tumors. 
Term
Secondary tumors..
Definition

new growth elsewhere; metastasis  

Term
Normal cells have..
Definition

"cell inhibition," meaning that  when cells touch other cells, they are inhibited from further growth.

 

 

 

Term
Cells from normal to malignant
Definition

Initiation stage: mutation of the genetic material of normal cells

Promotion stage: when the cells begin to divide quickly into a malignant tumor

Final “progression” stage: malignant growth that begins to cells throughout surrounding cells and tissues

Term

Note 3rd photo, “in situ” stage: when cancer has broken through the basement membrane

Definition
Term
How is angiogenesis a charateristic to cancer?
Definition

Cancer cells have the ability to secrete angiogensiss factors that allow the cancer to grow its own blood vessels. Critical: allows growth of caner cells to be quicker and prolonged

Term

—Tumor is causing new blood vessels to be produced, to enhance the growth of the tumor 

Definition
Term
6 Hallmarks of Cancer
Definition

—Gene mutations cause (or allow):
1) Self- sufficiency in growth signals
2) Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
3) Evading apoptosis (evading “self-destruct”)
4) Limitless replication potential
5) Sustained angiogenesis
6) Tissue invasion and metastasis

Term
Early Warning Signs of Cancer
Definition

—1. Unusual bleeding/discharge
—2. A sore that does not heal
—3. Change in bowel or bladder habits
—4. Nagging cough or hoarseness
—5. Lump in breast or other part of the body
—6. Obvious change in moles
—7. Difficulty in swallowing

Term
Stage of cancer means...
Definition

Staging: How far the cancer has spread: size of tumor, degree of metastasis       

Term
Grading scale of cancer means...
Definition

Grading is a classification process for prognosis and treatment.

Grade 1: cells that are well differentiated, very similar to their tissue of origin; prognosis is good

Grade 2: moderate differentiation of cells, structurally similar to the parent cells. Prognosis: fair

Grade 3: poorly differentiated. Prognosis: very poor

Grade 4: cells are primitive and unrecognizable in regards to origin. Prognosis: very poor

Term
TNM
Definition

[image]

T:Tumor size; N: # of lymph nodes involved; M:extent of metastasis

 

 

 

Term
Earliest Stage of Cancer
Definition
“carcinoma in situ”
Term

—What does the staging T2 N1Mo indicate?

Definition

T: 2nd Stage Tumor, N: 1 lymph node involved, M: 0 extent of metastasis

 

 

 

Term
Systemic Manifestations of Cancer
Definition

—Infection: common cause of death w/ pt
—Anemia: seen when cancer is in its advanced stages due to erosion of BV, chronic bleeding, mets of bone marrow 
—Anorexia & cachexia: Nutrition decreases
—Fatigue & sleep disorders
—Compression or obstruction of tissues/organs
—Pain (not usually an early symptom; comes with time of obstruction to the tissues)
—Psychosocial integrity/quality of life: engage with the sick/pain-free AMAP

Term
Dx of Cancer
Definition

—Tissue biopsy – (essential!)
—X-rays, CT scans, endoscopies, etc
—Determination of Stage and Grade

Term
Anemia
Definition

Loss or destruction of RBCs that exceeds the bone marrows ability to replace them: hemorrhage

Decreased production of RCS, failure in bone marrow function or deficiency in nutrients.

—Definition: Low numbers of RBCs, low hemoglobin, or low hematocrit indicates anemia, which can result from:
—Autoimmune/collagen-vascular diseases such as lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis
—Blood loss (hemorrhage, heavy menstrual cycles)
—Bone marrow failure (for example, from radiation, infection, or tumors)
—Erythropoietin deficiency (secondary to kidney disease)
—Hemolysis (red blood cell destruction)
—Leukemia
—Malnutrition (nutritional deficiencies of iron, Folate, Vitamin B12 or B6) 

Term
Anemia S/S
Definition

—Fatigue: result due to lack of oxygen to tissues
—Tachycardia: body trying to compensate for decreased O2 levels
—Dyspnea/ Tachypnea:body trying to compensate for decreased O2 levels
—Pallor
—Dizziness: due to decreased O2 levels
—Muscle Weakness
——Angina: severe situation
—Myocardial Infarction
—Organ Damage/Infarction

Term
Fe deficency Amenia
Definition

Adequate amount of RBC, but reduction of hemoglobin due to lack of Fe.

Females: wide set vag with a HEAVY flow

—Avoidance of cow’s milk under 2 years of age
—Iron supplementation in breast fed infants younger than one year of age
—In second year of life, give diet rich in iron and use of iron fortified vitamins
—Children and adults: increase iron intake in foods, encourage red meat, green leafy vegetables, fortified iron foods such as cereals; watch stools for signs of occult blood loss

Term
Sickle Cells Disease
Definition

Genetic disorder: Platelet of cells have aggregated 

S gene: clinical symptoms; Carries: do not have clinical s/s : Problem abnormality in shape of RBCand reduces the lifespan, and abnormal functionality. Very fragile and can rupture at any time. Very sticky and can lodge into very small capillaries (clot) can effect BFàischemia and infarction to the tissue. VERY PAINFUL to have happen and very serious. Overtime, the organs become deprived of O2, leading to a shorter lifespan.    

Term
Aplastic Anemia
Definition

Failure of Bone Marrow via stem cells have been damaged beyond repair OR have been replaced by cancer cells. Bring production of RBC to a stop. Can be idiopathic: UK cause 

Term
Leukemias
Definition

STUDY!!!

 malignant of blood forming tissues

 immature WBC; bone marrow, body organs and tissues, that are unable to function properly. HUGE number of immature cells present and very few normal ones. Cells being to multiply by infiltrating organs and tissues. Spleen, lymph node, kidney. Bone Marrow becomes attacked by the cells and interfere with the production of normal cells. As a result, can become suppressed.

Acute L: rapid onset and lasts only a short amt of time. Can die within days to months if treatment is not sought out. Chronic: slower onset; early on pt may not have any symptoms and may have extended prognosis and can live > 5 yrs.   

Type is determinant on its granulation

Term

Leukemia:

ALL

CML

Definition

ALL: most common one seen in children. Immature lymphocytes that appear in the bone marrow

CML: middle aged adults; abnormal stem cells that lead to uncontrolled proliferation of  granulocyte cells 

Term
Hodgkin's Disease
Definition

Lymphoma: caner of the lymphocytes generally originates in the lymph nodes.

HD: common type of lymphoma,

Multinucleated cell that has a halo around the nuclei (RSC)

 Progress fro single node to muilt-node into other organ.

Term
Thrombocytopenia
Definition

—Reduction in platelets <100,000
—Etiology: Decrease in platelet production, excessive pooling of platelets in spleen, reduced lifespan of platelets caused by immune or non-immune mechanisms
—E.g. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (<20k), also immune thrombocytopenia purpura
—Risk factors: radiation exposure or treatment; cancer drugs, HIV
—Symptoms: Petechiae, bleeding in various body cavities, nose, eyes, stool, easy bruising
—Treatment: Platelet transfusions, cortiosteriods, splenectomy

Term
Hemophilia A
Definition

Sex-linked genetic disease located on the X chromosome, as a result women are carriers and males are effected.

Type A: most common and most severe type; absence of factor 8 à uncontrolled bleeding after injury (tooth extraction can be fatal) DJ arthritis, bleeding in joints à typically don’t have a very long life expectancy.  

Supporting users have an ad free experience!