The pathophysiology of Buerger's disease is best descrbed as?

inflammation and thrombus formation

Which of the following is most likely to cause left-sided congestive heart failure?

uncontrolled essential hypertension

Which event causes the QRS wave on an ECG tracing

ventricular depolarization

When comparing angina with myocrardial infarction (MI), which statement is true?

angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; pain of MI is not

What is considered to be the basic pathophysiologic change in essential hypertension?

increased systemic vasoconstriction

What confirms the presence of a myocardial infarction?

Characteristic patterns for serum isoenzymes and the ECG

Which of the following are significant signs of right-sided congestive heart failure?

edematous feet and legs with hepatomgaly

where is uncontrolled hypertension most likely to cuase ischemia and loss of function?

kidneys, brain, and retinas

what is the characteristic change in the cardiovascular system with Raynaud's syndrom?

intermittent severe vasoconstriction in the digits

Which of the following represents the pathophysiologic changes in the heart in cases of rheumatic fever?

an abnormal immune response causing acute inflammation in all layers of the heart

Common signs of rheumatic fever include all of the following except?

arthritis causing deformity of the small joints in the hands and feet

What is the primary reason for amputation of gangrenous toes or feet in patients with peripheral vascular disease?

prevent spread of infection and reduce pain

When stroke volume decreases, which of the following could maintain cardiac output?

increased heart rate

The size of the necrotic area resulting from myocardial infarction may be minimized by all tof the following except.

removing the predisposting factors to atheroma development

What does the term preload refer to?

volume of venous return

What does the term intermittent claudication refer to?

ischemic muscle pain in the legs, particularly with exercise.

What is atherosclerosis in the iliac arteries likely to cause?

gangrenous ulcers in the legs

intermittent claudication

an atheroma develops from

accumulated lipids, cells, and fibrin where endothelial injury has occured

the right side of the heart would fail first in the case of

large infarction in the right ventricle

advanced COPD

Which of the following would confirm the diagnosis of a myocardial infarction?

specific changes in the ECG

elevation of cardiac isoenzymes in serum

What kind of congestion is associated with Right-sided heart failure?

systemic venous congestion

What kind of congestion is associated with left-sided heart failure?

pulmonary congestion

What does reduced blood flow to the kidney's cause?

increased renin and aldosterone

What does an increase in renin and aldosterone cause?

more blood to heart (preload) and vasoconstriction (increased afterload)

more blood to heart (preload) and vasoconstriction (increased afterload) causes what to the heart?

causes more workload for the heart

SNS increases the heart rate, but that may decrease the efficiency.  What is likely to happen?

increase workload

more demand for blood supply

With more demand for blood supply due to hypertrophies (cardiomegaly). Can the heart do this?

can’t do it so get some cell death

 which is replaced with fibrous tissue

What happens to the cardiac output and stroke volume due to hypertrophies?

decreases

What are the backward effects of left ventricular failure?

Dyspnea on exertion

Orthopnea

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Cyanosis

Basilar crackles

What are the forward effects of left and right ventricular failure?

Fatigue

Oliguria

Increased Heart Rate

Faint Pulses

Restlessness

Confusion

Anxiety

What are the backward effects of right ventricular failure?

Hepatomegaly

Ascites

Splenomegaly

Anorexia

Subcutaneous edema

Jugular vein distention

Where does left-sided failure back into? 

the lungs

Where does right-sided failure back into?

the tissues

What is the compensation for left-sided failure?

tachycardia

What is the compensation for right-sided failure?

tachycardia, pallor

What kind of lung sounds will you hear with left-sided failure?

Rales

(bubbly sound of fluid in lungs, hemoptysis (blood-tinged (bright red), frothy)

Where will peripheral edema happen in right-sided failure?

feet

(dependent edema in legs, buttocks)

Orthopnea

difficulty breathing lyaing down

Why is it defficult to breath with orthopnea?

fluid accumulates in the lungs and

you cough from the fluid

When does Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea occur?

during sleep

What happens due to the increase of fluid in the alveoli?

interferes with O2 exchange

What happens due to the interfearance of the O2 exchange?

panic due to the struggle for air

What is one thing that happens in right-sided failure that is a s/s that is not present in left-sided failure?

mental status changes

With diagnosing heart failure use FACES.  What does FACES stand for?

                                 Fatigue

                                 Activity limitation

                                 Congestion

                                 Edema

                                 Shortness of breath

What is a common cause of right-sided failure?

left sided failure

What happens as left heart failure progresses?

left ventricular preload increases