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Details Title: path of male repro tract: test Description: 4.19.07 Total Flash Cards: 32 Created: 04/25/2007 15:02:59	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term what is the progression of HPA? with LH? Definition CNS -> Hypothal -> pituitary -> (LH) -> Leydig cells producing testosterone --> germ cells and sertoli cells in tesis. Term HPA with FSH? Definition CNS -> Hypothal -> pituitary -> (FSH) -> Sertolli cell -->ABG --> Germ CEll and Leydig cell Term what are inhibitors of HPA? Definition On LH side, T inhibits hypothal, estradiol inhibits pituitary. On the FSH side, inhibin inhibits hypothal and pituitary Term what are the layers of the testis from outside to in? Definition skin, dartos muscle, ??, tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea, tunica vascularis, septum Term How does spermiogeneisis happen? Definition SPERMATOGONIA LIE ON BASEMENT MEMBRANE WITH TALL SERTOLI CELLS. AS THEY DIVIDE, THE PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE PRECURSORS PASS THROUGH THE SERTOLI-SERTOLI CELL TIGHT JUNCTIONS INTO ADLUMINAL COMPARTMENT. MOST OF THE 64 DAY SPERMIOGENESIS SEQUENCE IS SPENT IN THE PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE STAGE, THEN TWO MEIOTIC DIVISIONS TO SPERMATIDS. Term what are the hormonal changes in spermiogenesis? Definition CLOSE INTERACTION BETWEEN GERM CELLS AND SERTOLI NURSE CELLS THROUGHOUT SPERMIOGENESIS, INCLUDING MATURATION FROM SPERMATIDS TO SPERM. FSH ACTS ON SERTOLI CELLS TO CAUSE ANDROGEN BINDING PROTEIN (ABP) SYNTHESIS AND AROMATOSE SYNTHESIS WHICH MAY CONVERT TESTOSTERONE TO ESTRADIOL IN THE PERIPHERY Term what is daily sperm production? Definition 100x10^6 per testis Term describe what happens in the epididymous? Definition Twelve day, 6 foot, migration of sperm in high glycerophosphorylcholine and carnitine environment. “Maturation” of sperm with subtle changes in tail and acrosome. Fructose added to ejaculate by seminal vesicles. Term where does maturation occur? Definition in the epidiymous Term if no maturation, no ??? Definition fertalization Term give the rbeakdown of infertility "fault" Definition 15% OF COUPLES CHILDLESS (who are trying); 30% MALE FACTOR ONLY; 20% MALE AND FEMALE FACTORS; 50% FEMALE FACTOR ONLY Term what is a normal semen analysis? Definition Volume 2-5 ml. Coagulation with normal seminal vesicles. Liquefaction with normal proteolytic enzymes. Greater than 10-20 million sperm/ml. Motility over 40%; Morphology normal in over 40-60% Term what are 3 factors that can impact negatively on a man's fertility? Definition 1. PRE TESTICULAR (endocry): HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY AXIS; EXOGENOUS HORMONES 2. TESTICULAR: DIRECT DAMAGE to GERM CELL ELEMENTS 3. POST TESTICULAR (ducts: EPIDIDYMIS AND BEYOND Term in pretesticular infertility, what is Kallman's syndrome? Definition SECONDARY TO DEFECT IN GnRH SECRETION; ASSOCIATED WITH CRANIO-FACIAL DEFECTS, MALDESCENT, and ANOSMIA; ANOSMIA ASSOCIATED WITH FAILURE OF GnRH NEURONS to MIGRATE FROM OLFACTORY PLACODE to HYPOTHALAMUS Term what are other pretesticular HPA problems? Definition 1. POST PITUITARY TUMOR, RADIATION, VASCULAR INSULT. 2. ABSENT OR ABERRANT FSH OR LH PRODUCTION. 3. HYPERPROLACTINEMIA IN 13% OF AZOOSPERMIC MEN; ESPECIALLY WITH PITUITARY MICROADENOMA Term what are pretesticular endocrine problems? Definition 1. ANDROGEN EXCESS: ADRENAL OR TESTICULAR TUMOR, ANABOLIC STEROIDS 2. ESTROGEN EXCESS: TUMOR; EXOGENOUS 3. THYROID or ADRENAL DYSFUNCTION Term describe the manifestation of congenital adrenal hyperplasia Definition PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY and PREMATURE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS; GONADOTROPHS SUPPRESSED AND NORMAL TESTICULAR MATURATION IMPAIRED; TESTICULAR ADRENAL REST TUMORS Term what are testicular adrenal rest tumors? Definition ?? they resemble Leydig cell tumors Term what are the testicular causes of infertility? Definition GENETIC; CRYPTORCHIDISM; VASCULAR DISEASE; TORSION, TRAUMA; INFECTION; DRUGS & TOXINS; SYSTEMIC DISEASE Term Describe the TESTICULAR CAUSES: GENETIC Definition 1. KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME. XXY (1 IN 1,000). GYNECOMASTIA, INCREASED FSH. HYALINIZED SMALL TESTES. VARIANTS: MOSAIC XY/XXY, AND XXXY. 2. XYY AND XX MALES, AND MALES WITH YQ LOSS MAY BE INFERTILE. 3. AUTOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES (PRADER-WILLI [15 Q], DOWN’S [TRISOMY 21] AND ABNORMALITIES OF OTHER CHROMOSOMES [1,13,14]) MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH INFERTILITY. Term what is cryptorchidism? Definition Cryptorchidism is a medical term referring to absence from the scrotum of one or both testes. This usually represents failure of the testis to move, to "descend," during fetal development from an abdominal position, through the inguinal canal, into the ipsilateral scrotum. About 3% of full-term and 30% of premature infant boys are born with at least one undescended testis, making cryptorchidism the most common birth defect of male genitalia. However, most testes descend by the first year of life (the majority within three months), making the true incidence of cryptorchidism around 1% overall. Term what is Varicocele? Definition Varicocele is an abnormal enlargement of the veins in the scrotum draining the testicles. The testicular blood vessels originate in the abdomen and course down through the inguinal canal as part of the spermatic cord on their way to the testis. Up-ward flow of blood in the veins is ensured by small one-way valves that prevent backflow. Defective valves, or compression of the vein by a nearby structure, can cause dilatation of the veins near the testis, leading to the formation of a varicocele. Term what is testicular torsion? Definition twist 2.5 times to a complete occlusion of vascular. Term what are the infection and drug/toxins (testicular) causes of infertility? Definition DRUGS AND TOXINS: 1. CHEMOTHERAPY, HEAT, AND RADIATION. 2. DIBROMOCHLOROPROPANE, ETHYLENE GLYCOL ETHER IN WORKPLACE 3. SULFASALAZINE, METHYL DOPA AND OTHER MEDS MAY DECREASE FERTILITY. SYSTEMIC DISEASE 1. ALCOHOL 2. DIABETES 3. Sickle cell DISEASE 4. CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE Term what are major reasons for post-testicular infertility? Definition 1. CONGENITAL: ESPECIALLY CYSTIC FIBROSIS WHERE VASAL ATRESIA OCCURS. 2. DES EXPOSURE WITH INCREASED INCIDENCE OF EPIDIDYMAL CYSTS. 3. EPIDIDYMITIS: a. STD IN YOUNG MEN (< 30), ESPECIALLY GONOCOCCUS AND CHLAMYDIA. b. COLIFORMS IN OLDER MEN WITH PROSTATISM. c. TUBERCULOSIS AND OTHER ORGANISMS MAY INVOLVE EPIDIDYMIS. Term what are 3 reasons for ejaculatory dysfuction? Definition 1. NEUROGENIC. 2. DIABETES 3. POST RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY WITH NERVE RESECTION. Term what are the 2 categoried of testicular tumors? Definition seminomas and non-seminomas Term what is a GCT? Definition germ cell tumor Term what are stages in GCT? Definition I. CONFINED TO TESTIS II. DISTANT SPREAD CONFINED TO RETROPERITONEAL NODES BELOW DIAPHGRAM III. METASTASES OUTSIDE RETROPERITONEL NODES OR ABOVE DIAPHGRAM Term what are most malignant tumors of the teses? Definition GCTs Term where do GCTs originate? Definition from primordial germ cells Term what are various NSGCT subtypes? Definition embryonal cancer, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and yolk sac tumor