Term
| Gastritis/Peptic Ulcer Disease |
|
Definition
-gastric mucosa inflamm that progresses to ulcer, atrophy, metaplastic state
-secondary to NSAID, alcohol, tobacco use
-caused by H. Pylori
-can become cancerous on lesser curve of stomach
-worry when on duodenum bc of common bile ducts, arteries, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-can be asymptomatic or present with:
epigastric p!, nausea or anorexia, bloating, belching, GI bleedin
-Dx: serum or breath H. pylori test, biopsy
Tx: life style changes, meds take 4 wks to work |
|
|
Term
| Zollinger Ellison Syndrome |
|
Definition
-gastrin secreting tumor that causes hypergastrinemia and peptic ulcer disease
-in pancreas, duodenal wall, lymphs
-abdominal p! unresponsive to ulcer therapy, serum gastrin is up
-surgical resection |
|
|
Term
Intestinal/ Bowel Disease
(Hirschsprung disease) |
|
Definition
-failure of parasymp nerve cells to develop in wall of GI tract
-area of bowel is unable to relax and allow peristalsis, leading to prox bowel distension
-rectum and prox bowel -4:1 M>F
-failure for infant to poop, constipation in older pts
-Dx: barium enema, biopsy
-Tx: colostomy, antiobiotics/steroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-impaired absorption and transport of nutrients, fluids and electrolytes
-Crohn's, Celiac sprue, ZE
-Tx: dietary manipulation, surgery, food supplements, corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-caused by viruses, bact, fungi, protozoa
-S/S: abdominal p!, N&V, diarrhea
-2 categories: Inflamm vs non imflamm |
|
|
Term
| Inflammatory GI Infection |
|
Definition
| -erode bowel wall and present w/ WBC / RBC in stool |
|
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Term
| Non-Inflammatory GI Infection |
|
Definition
-Don't cause damage to bowel wall and show NO WBC/RBC in stool
-Dx: stool exam/culture and sigmoidoscopy
-Tx: fluid replacement
-must identify org from GI toxin producing bact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inadequate blood flow to bowel resulting in ischemia
-caused by ATH. aterial emboli
-S/S: abd p!, bloody diarrhea, peritonitis
-Dx: angiography
-Tx: surgical resection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-chronic, patchy, granulomatous inflamm disease of terminal ileum and other portions of bowel but can be along entire GI tract
-transmural ulcerations, submucosal thickening, strictures, abscess, fistulas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-S/S: abdomina p!, distension, intermittent diarrhea, blood, low grade fever, anemia, wt loss
-Dx: colonoscopy, biopsy
-surgery avoided bc of recurrence in other parts of bowel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Similar to CD but only involes sigmoid colon
-superficial ulcers of colon(mucosa, submucosa)
-complicated by scarring, strictures, polyps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-similar s/s as UC but no organic path of bowel (alt bw diarrhea and constip)
-mucus present in stools, no WBC or RBCs
-assoc with stress, alcohol, coffee
-Tx: stress reduc, avoidance of triggers, antispasmotic meds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-acute inflamm of appendix secondary to fecalith obstruction, leads to infarct, perf, peritonitis
-common in children/adolescents
-S/S: RLQ p!, fever, anorxia, const. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-obstr of rudimentary vitalline duct connecting small intestine w/yolk sac during early fetal life. near ileocecal valve
-painless maroon stool, mimic appendicitis |
|
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Term
| Colonic Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis |
|
Definition
-outpouchings of colonic wall resulting from intraluminal high press and focal w! of bowel wall
-asympt unless inflammed (Diverticulitis)
-can develop fistula and perf
-Tx: high fiber, antibiotics, surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-can occur at any level in GI tract
-causes: hernia, volvulus, intussusception, tumor
-S/S: abdominal p!, distension, dehydration, vomiting, constipation
-Tx: IV fluids, decompression, surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-50% are benign
-epithelial=polyps w/no malignant transf
-adenomatous=polyps w/malignant pot after 10 yrs
-CEA elevated |
|
|
Term
| Familial Adenomatous Polyposis |
|
Definition
-hundreds of adenomatous polyps w. malignant potential develop in childhood
-requires prophylactic colectomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-mild forms cause parenchymal inflamm
-severe forms cause parenchumal hemorhhage and necrosis
-80% caused by alcoholism/gall stones
-S/S: abd p!, N&V, diaphoresis, w!, tachy, hypotension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-progressive replacement of pancreatic parenchyma by fibrous tissue, abscesses, calcification, pseudocysts
-presents after binge drinking
-cancer in 4% after 20yrs
-Tx: supportive, pancreatic enzyme supp, surgery to remove pseudocysts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-5% of cancer deaths in U.S.
-Risks: older, obese, tobacco, chronic pancreatitis
-slow growing, s/s develop late
-75% in head of pancreas
-S/S: abd p!, wt loss, cachexia, obstr jaundice
-LABS: anemia, hyperglycemia, high bilirubin and LFT if obstruction
-Tx: chemo and radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-relative or absolute insulin deficiency
-disorder in carbs, protein, fat metab
-can become insulin insensitive
-Type 1: Juvenile onset (insulin dep.)
-Type 2: Adult onset (non insulin dep)
-->6 diff types of maturity onset |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-autoimmune destruction of insulin producing beta cells
-severe def. of insulin leads to hyperglyc, glycosuria, catab of fat and ketosis/acidosis
-3 P's: polyuria, plydipsia, polyphagia
-Tx: insulin, diet mod, life style chg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-90% of U.S. cases
-reduce B cell secretion of insulin
-peripheral tissue resistance to insulin
-divided into obese vs non-obese
-Hx of UTI, skin inf, yeast inf, HTN, ATH |
|
|
Term
| Syndrome X (Metabolic Syndrome) |
|
Definition
-pre diabetic syndrome assoc with insulin resistance
-assoc w/abd obesity, HTN, dyslipidemia
-develop Type 2 in few yrs if not Tx
-Tx: diet mod, oral hypoglyc agents, wt loss
-may req insulin after 15yrs of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-small vessel disease w/thickening of basement mem of small arts of kidney, retina, skin, skeletal mm
-complication of type1 and 2 diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -hyperlipidemia of aorta and other lg/med sized arts -leads to inc risk of MI, stroke, aneurysms, periph vasc disease (gangrene of feet) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-small/lg vessel disease of kidneys
-glomerulosclerosis, arterio, inf.
-kidney failure is major cause of death in Diabetic pts |
|
|
Term
| Diabetic Ocular Complications |
|
Definition
| -cataract formation, glaucoma, retinopathy resulting in hemorrhages, exudates, edema, microaneuysms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-symm peripheral neropathy affecting motor and sensory nn.
-Schwann cell inj, myelin degen, axonal damage
-autonomic neuropathy can develop causing sexual impotence, bowel/bladder dysf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-congenital defect of of liver cells excreting Bilirubin
-S/S: cholestasis, retention of bilirubin, bile salts, liver stained and coarse, usually asymptomatic until pregnancy unmasks it
-LABS: high level of conj. bilirubin, LFTs normal
-No Tx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-caused by Hep A,B,C,D,E, Epstein Barr, CMV, herpes, rubella
-S/S: inflamm, degeneration, cholestasis, necrosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis
-increased risk of cancer when Hep B and C
-Tx: no tx for C, vaccines for A/B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-About 23% of hospitalized pts have alcohol related probs
-3 levels:
1)hepatic steatosis
2)alcoholic hepatitis
3)cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-alcohol alters normal lipid metab = steatosis
-fatty streaks through liver
-if can get to stop, liver back to normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-occurs w/ long standing or heavy alcohol consupmtion
-inflamm of portal tracts, hepatocyte death
S/S: fever, jaundince, liver enlargement, liver enzymes up, serum albumin dec
TX: alcohol abstinence, vit replacement |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol-Induced Cirrhosis |
|
Definition
-irreversible stage of liver disease
-extensive hepatocyte death, liver fibrosis, nodule formation
-liver shrinks, hard, nodular/brown
S/S: jaundice, portal HTN, clotting disorders, ascites, encephalopathy
LABS: high LFTs, long PT/aPTT, low albumin
Tx: need liver transplant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-verying degrees of inflamm and hepatocyte death
-variety of drugs/toxins involved
EX too much tylenol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-assoc w/ abnormal iron absorption/accum in liver and other organs
-common -inc risk of liver cancer
S/S: big liver, portal HTN, bronzing of skin, hypogonadism, arthropathy
LABS: high serum iron and liver enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-arises in disease livers from hemochromatosis, alcoholism, hep A/B
-MS/S: wt loss, ascites, lg liver, jaundice, high ALPHA FETOPROTEIN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-occurs in women, assoc w/OCP use, aggravated by preg., abdominal p!
-surgical removal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-gall bladder stones
2 types: 1) cholesterol
2)bilirubin/calcium (see on XR)
Risk Factors: female, preg, spinal cord inj
-Asymptomatic til moves to cystic duct and obstruct bile excretion
-stones pale, yellow, hard
-obstruction cause Cholecystitis in GB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gall bladder becomes inflammed and occasionally necrotic
-causes abdominal p!, fever, leukocytosis, and Nausea and vommitting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-stone obstruction of common bile duct
-older ppl, acute pancreatitis
LABS: same as cholecystitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-choledocholithiasis complicated by a secondary bacterial infection
**life threatening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Adenocarcinoma most common
-gall stones often present, chronic inflamm risk factor
-asympt til obstruction, found by accident
LABS: high bilirubin, liver enzymes, and CA19-9
-Surgery= 80% 5yr survival rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-occurs when cirrhosis leads to impairment of portal blood flow
-Causes of backup: portosystemic venous shunts, splenomegaly, hepatic encephalopathy, Ascites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accumulation of hepatic lymphatic fluid in abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-absence of glucuronyl transferase (GT) req. for conj of bilirubin
-infancy, death from bilirubin in brain
LABS: rise in unconj bilirubin and nerv syst destruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-caused by congenital deficiency of GT
-in second decade of life w/unconj hyperbilirubinemia (3-6mg/dL)
-LABS: LFT's normal
-no Tx needed, normal life expectancy |
|
|
Term
| Physiologic Jaundice of Newborns |
|
Definition
-in most infants, worse in prematures
-immaturity of GT -2wks to function normal
-rise in unconj bilirubin
-TX: phototherapy (nili lights) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-failure of certain cells to migrate and close
-1/1000 births
-many causes: alcohol, autosomal dominant, multifactorial
-may be uni or bilateral and involve diff levels of lip, soft/hard palate
-All require surgical correction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-plaque buildup and decalcification of teeth by normal bacterial flora
-can progress to infection of tooth pulp and perapical abscess
-Tx: dental fillings and antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-occurs when bacteria & debris accumulate around base of teeth, form abscesses and destroy gums
-can extend into tooth socket of maxilla/mandible and destroy bony support of teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-HSV1 -75% of population
-asympt primary infection (virus dormant)
--> vesicles, shallow ulcerations
-heal spont. in 3-4wks but recur |
|
|
Term
| Fungal Infection of oral cavity |
|
Definition
-Candida albicans (normal in 40% ppl)
-immune compromised ppl,anemic, HIV,cancer
-S/S: superficial gray-white mem in mouth
-Dx: cultures -Tx: antifungals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-immune compromise from HIV predispose pts to infections w/candidiasis/HIV, karposi sarcoma, hairy leukoplakia
-Karposi's: caused by herp HHV8 or KSHV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-4% of all cancers (squamous cell carcin)
Risk: alcohol, irradiation, +/- HPV
-S/S: raised, firm, ulcerated or wartlike mass. require biopsy
-Tx: combo therapy; 50%, 5yr rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pre cancerous lesion of lips/mouth
-chronic irritation from tobacco, alcohol, ill-fitting dentures
-S/S: white, hyperplastic epithelial lesion, progress from metaplasia->dysplasia->squamous cell carcinoma
-Tx: surgical resection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-squamous cell carcinomas
-S/S: hoarseness, p!, dysphagia, hemoptysis
-biopsy to distinguish from benign polyp of vocal cord
-Tx: surgery/irrdiation; 66%, 5yr survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-80% of tumors arise in Parotid gland
-20% in submandibular gland
-most benign tumors are pleomorphic adenomas
-S/S: painless mass with assoc lymphadenopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-reflux of hastric acid into esophagus secondary to incompetence of lower esphageal sphincter and/or hiatal hernia
-inflamm/erosion of mucosa
-Tx: stomach acid inhibitors
**Barrett's Esophagus** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-results from chronic GERD
-metaplastic chg from normal squamous cells to abnormal columnar epithelium/goblet cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-squamous or adeno carcinoma
-3:1 M>F
-Risks: GERD, Barrets esoph, tobacco, alcohol
-S/S: progressive dysphagia and wt loss
-5 yr survival only 15% bc most present in advanced stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-loss of esophageal sphincter innervation that allows relaxation, prox esoph=dilated and inflamed
-probably autoimmune, >25yo
-S/S: dysphagia
Dx: endoscopy/biopsy
Tx: surgical myotomy, esoph dilatation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-caused by benign adenoma that secretes too much of single hormone
-either HGH or Prolactin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-excess HGH in adults after growth plates closed -->general thickening of bones
-excessive growth of hands, feet, jaw
-thickening of skin, big viscera/heart/liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-excess HGH in children before growth plates close -lengthening of bones
-excessive height, acromegalic changes after growth plates closed
-develop secondary DM, mm w!, HTN, CHF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pituitary adenoma that secretes too much prolactin
-other causes: high estrogen, preg, hypothyroidism, hypothalamic tumors, dopamine inhibiting drugs
-S/S: women- menstrual abnorm, infertility, galactorrhea
men- decreased libido, impotence
-Dx: elevated serum prolactin, dec FSH/LH/gonadotropins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-one or more pituitary hormone deficiencies (GH, FSH, TSH, etc)
-causes: pituitary adenomas, head trauma, stroke, DIC
-GH def. leads to Dwarfism
-most common is def in several hormones (Panhypopituitarism)
-S/S: w!, fatigue, loss of 2nd sex characteristics, hypotension, amenorrhea, visual field defects
-LABS: any low levels of T3, T4, TSH, ACTH, GH, LH/FSH, Estradiol/Testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-post lobe pituitary dysf. leading to absence or dec in antidiuretic secretion (vasopressin)
-S/S: polyuria, polydipsia
-LABS: low serum ADH
-Tx: surgery, vaspressin replacement |
|
|
Term
| Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion |
|
Definition
-hyperpituitary syndrome characterized by excessive antidiuretic secretion
-about 50 diff causes
-S/S: hyponatremia, cerebral edema, neuro dysf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-too little or too much T3, T4, or TSH
-causes: thyroid or pit tumor, autoimmune, nutritional def, wrong use of thyroid meds |
|
|
Term
| Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis) |
|
Definition
-hypermetabolic syndrome with high T3, T4
-causes: Graves Disease, excess ingestion of exogenous thyroid hormone, hyperfunctioning nodular thyroid goiter or adenoma of thyroid, TSH secreting adenoma of pit.
-S/S: tachy, ocular chgs, goiter, tremor, insomnia, intolerance to heat, warm, flushed skin wt loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most common cause of hyperthyroidism
-autoimmune: 15-40 y/o, 5:1 F>M
-S/S: high serum T3/T4, dec serum TSH, TSH receptor stim antibodies present
-Tx: control cardiac s/s, thiourea drugs, radioactive iodine, surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-divided into primary (thyroid) and secondary (pituitary)
-most common cause autoimmune (Hashimoto's Thyroiditis)
-Cretinism (congenital) occur idiopath from iodine def during preg
-S/S: growth retardation, sleepiness, constipation, dry skin, hoarse cry
-->adult: wt gain, cold intol, depression, menstrual abnorm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-autoimmune inflamm thyroiditis
-Anti TSH antibodies are present
-more common in women
-S/S: firm, rubbery, non tender goiter
-LABS: low T3/T4, high TSH, and presence of anti TSH antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Subacute Thyroiditis (de Quervain's Thyroiditis) |
|
Definition
-viral infection initiallly produces hyperthyroidism followed by hypo.
-S/S: tender, big thyroid, and s/s of dysphagia, fever, malaise
-young and middle aged women
-LABS: low T3/T4, high TSH and ESR, no antibodies present
-infect resolves in 8-12mo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-2%-4% of US, most are adenomas
-lead to hyper/hypo or be normal
-S/S: painless mass, req biopsy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-much more common in women
-prior radiation to neck is risk factor
-4 types occur: papillary carcinoma most common (75%-85%)
-S/S: single, painless nodule, stridor, hoarseness, dysphagia, cerv lymphadenopathy, thyroid funct tests normal -early stage has good prog. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-benign parathyroid adenoma
-too much parathormone prod = high serum calcium
-S/S: HTN, renal stones/uremia, bone p!, osteoporosis, GI disturbances
-stones, moans, bones, groans psychiatric overtones
-Tx: surg, corticosteroids, inhibit osteoclast funct, Ca binding agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-assoc w/too little parathormone
-LABS: low serum Ca2+, low parathormone, high phosphorous
-S/S: muscle tetany, irritability, psychosis/convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias
-Tx: Ca and Vit D replacement |
|
|
Term
Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency
(Addison's Disease) |
|
Definition
-low or absent levels of cortisol, aldosterone, adrenal androgens
-antiadrenal antibodies present in about 50% of time
-S/S: w!, fatigue, wt loss, N&V, hyper pigmentation, hypotension
-LABS: low cortisol, high ACTH, abnorm electrolytes, anti-adrenal antibodies if autoimmune
-Tx: remove cause, hydrocortisone and mineralocorticoids |
|
|
Term
Hypercortisolism
(Cushing Disease/Syndrome) |
|
Definition
-excess cortisol or ACTH
-causes: child inhaled steroids, hyper secretion of ACTH from pit adenoma, ectopic secretion of ACTH by carcinoma of lung (Paraneoplastic Syndr)
-S/S: HTN, hyperglycemia, moon face, buffalo hump, w!, inc skin striae, mood chgs, hirsutism, osteoporosis
-LABS: high serum cortisol, high blood glucose, leuikocytosis, lymphocytopenia, hypokalemia
-Tx: surg, radiation, hydrocortisone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-diseases assoc with excess secretion of androgens including adrenal cortex secretion of precursors to testos.
-causes: adrenocortical neoplasms, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, excess secretion of ACTH by pit in assoc with Cushings |
|
|
Term
| Acute Nephritic Syndrome/Nephritis |
|
Definition
-acute onset inflamm condition assoc w/influx of inflamm cells and damage to glomeruli
-S/S: hematuria, MILD proteinuria, edema, HTN, fever
-happens w/glomeruloneph/interstitial/tubular damage from toxins, inf, drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-assoc w/damage of cap walls of glomeruli resulting in MASSIVE proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria
-happens w/glomeruloneph., drugs, toxins, systemic dis like DM, SLE |
|
|
Term
| Asymptomatic hematuria/proteinuria |
|
Definition
| -manifestation of urinary tract inflamm or mild glomerular disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-syndrome assoc w/rapid deterioration of kidney funct sufficient to cause severe dec. in urinary output & buildup of nitrogenous wastes in blood
-from inj to glomeruli, tubules, interstitium, vasc supply
-seen w/ GN, drugs, toxins, hypovolemic shock, burns, inf, DIC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-syndrome assic w/ extensive, irreversible destruction of kidney nephrons. Azotemia to uremia, loss of urinary output, shrunken kidneys, multisyst abnormalities
-happens w/GN, chronic pyelonephritis, renal calculi, HTN, DM, nephrotoxic drugs
-Tx: hemodialysis or transplant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-stage of renal failure that occurs when nephron destruction has reached point where GFR is <5% of normal
-S/S: uremia, high BUN/Cr, proteinuria, encephalopathy, N&V, severe electrolyte disturbances, HTN, anemia
-Tx: immediate hemodialysis or kidney transplant for survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Syndrome assoc w/bact inf of urethra, bladder, kidneys
-S/S: pyuria, bacteriuria, abd p!, fever
-occurs w/urethritis, cystitis, pyeloneph
-Tx: antibiotics; pyeloneph can cause renal inflamm/scarring to cause renal failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-kidney stones
-S/S: inflamm, bleeding, obstruction, hydronephrosis and parenchymal atrophy, renal colic, hematuria, renal obstr. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-superficial inflamm of bladder by bact entering urethra
-chronic cases=loss of bladder contractile ability
-Risks: female, catheters, DM, protastic hypertr.
-S/S: dysuria, suprapubic p!,urinary f
-LABS: Urine shows pyuria, bacteruria, microscopic hematuria, renal funct tests norm unless obstr.
-Tx: antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-acute inflamm of renal parenchyma by ascending bact inf of bladder
-diffuse renal parenchyma inflamm, deevelp renal exudates, tubular necrosis
-S/S: severe inflamm, fever, abd p!, flank p!, N&V, dysuria
-LABS: pyuria, bacteruria, hematuria, leukocytosis, renal tests mildly abn.
-Tx: hospitalization and antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inflamm of kidney glomeruli caused by immune mediated rxn -can present as acute nephritic syndr, renal fail, nephrotic syndr --see notes |
|
|
Term
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
|
Definition
| -autoimmune disease that causes a type of GN assoc w/prolif of capillary endothelial cells, thickening of basement mem, sclerosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-causes a type of GN assoc w/basement mem thickening, diffuse sclerosis and proteinuria
-in about 50% of DM pts, 30%-40% progress to chronic renal failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Heterogeneous group of hereditary GN diseases.
-Includes Alport's Syndr (genetic disease characterized by GN, deafness, lens dislocation, cataracts, corneal dystrophy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-20% of GN progress to renal failure
-Tx: usually involves electrolye and acid base mgmt, diuretic therapy, dialysis/renal transplant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Primary: causes renal nephrosclerosis generalized by arteriosclerosis, kidney atrophy, renal failure
-Secondary: also causes kidney disease including: renal ischemia, HTN, renal parenchyma/nephron destruc. |
|
|
Term
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) |
|
Definition
-autosomal recessive -assoc w/impaired cortisol prod/secretion->leads to excess ACTH secretion by pituitary
-excess ACTH causes adrenal hyperplasia/excessive androgen secretion
-S/S: masculinization in femes, precocious puberty, big genitals in males |
|
|
Term
| Male Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome |
|
Definition
-Person is genotypically a male, but phenotypically a female. (Dude looks like a lady!)
-inherited x linked def. of androgen receptors
-brought up as females and testes removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-benign adenoma of adrenal cortex
-assoc w/inc. secretion of aldost., leads to inc. retention of NA and loss of K.
-S/S: HTN, polyuria, polydipsia, mm weakness
-LABS: elevated urinary aldosterone, low plasma renin and serum K
-Tx: surgery and spironolactone (aldost antagonist that binds receptor site in kidneys) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-excess catecholamine secretion by adrenal medulla bc of neoplasm
-10% malignant
-S/S: headache, Diaphoresis, palpitations, severe fluctuating HTN
-Dx: CT/MRI
-LABS: high serum/urinary carecholamines
-Tx: surgical resection (can result in hypotension or shock. be careful) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-clinical syndrome w/ multi syst abnorms including renal destruction from extreme elevation of BP
-causes rapid develop of fibrous necrosis of kidney arterioles->renal failure
-prod. by disease assoc w/HTN
-Tx: emergency ani-hypertensive meds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-type of renal failure assoc w/destruction of renal tubular epith cells secondary to ischemia/toxin
-ischemic ATN by hypovolemic shock, sepsis, burns, crush inj.
-Nephrotoxic ATN by common drugs, toxins (mercury/lead), insecticides, herbicides
-Tx: supportive, diuretics, electroltye balance
-Prognosis: varies from good to renal failure w/hemodialysis & kidney transplant |
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Term
| Acute Tubular Necrosis Phases |
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Definition
3 Phases:
1)Initial Phase- inciting event, oliguria/anuria, urine sediment has renal tubular casts
2) Maintenance- cont. oliguria, progressive azotemia, HTN, Hperkalemia
3) Recovery- regrowth of tub. epith cells, profuse polyuria, rebalancing electrolytes, elim of wastes |
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Term
| Analgesia Abuse Nephropathy |
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Definition
-assoc w/excessive ingestion of several types of anagesics (NSAIDs, phenacetin, aspirin)
-Caused by blockage of prostaglandin vasodil. effect by meds produces
->vasoconstr->renal ischemia->papillary necrosis->interstitial nephritis->renal fialure
-S/S: HTN, amemia, progressive azotemia |
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Term
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Definition
-kidney stones
-75% stones Ca based
-recurrent may lead to obstr, hydronephrosis, renal failure
-S/S: oliguria/anuria, hematuria/pyuria, abd p!, N&V, calculi crystals in urine, azotemia
-Risks: hereditary, gout, UTI, hypercalcemia/hyperparathyr. Caffeine
-Tx: surgery, lithotripsy, hydration, p!control |
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Term
| Polycystic Kidney disease |
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Definition
-genetic, assoc w/fluid filled cysts of kidneys that destroy renal parenchyma and kidney funct.
-leads to Renal failure 50% oftime
-S/S: abd mass, hematuria, HTN, progressive azotemia/uremia
-Tx: surgery, dialysis, transplant |
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Term
| Kidney Tumors - Simple Cysts |
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Definition
-65%-70% of renal masses -after 50y/o
-most common papillary adenoma
-asympt. and found by accident
-may be assoc w/lab abnorms or azotemia
-Tx: surgery |
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Term
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Definition
-3% abd cancers -2:1 M>F -60y/o group
-Dx: clear, spherical mass on US or CT, biopsy required
-S/S: wt loss, hematuria, abd mass, flank p!
-Tx: surgery; chemo/radiation ineffective
-Stage 1= 90%, 5 yr rate
-Stage 3-4= 0%-15%, 5 yr rate |
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Term
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Definition
-3:1 M>F, 50-80 y/o
-Risks: tobacco, industrial toxins, bladder inf.
-S/S: painless hematuria, altered urinary flow, azotemia
-Tx: early stage-surgery -80%, 5yr rt
Late stage-chemo/radiation
-<10%, 5yr rt |
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Term
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Definition
-primitive type of renal cancer from mesoderm and containing diff cell types
-YOUNG CHILDREN
-S/S: asympt., hematura, abd p!, mass
-Tx: combo surgery/chemo
-90%, 5yr rate |
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