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Part 4 - Macroeconomic Measurements
Chapters 24, 25, 26, 29
89
Economics
Undergraduate 3
05/19/2014

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Term
national income accounting
Definition
The techniques used to measure the overall production of the economy and other related variables for the nation as a whole.
Term
gross domestic product (GDP)
Definition
The total market value of all final goods and services produced annually within the boundaries of the United States, whether by U.S.- or foreign-supplied resources.
Term
intermediate goods
Definition
Products that are purchased for resale or further processing or manufacturing.
Term
final goods
Definition
Goods that have been purchased for final use and not for resale or further processing or manufacturing.
Term
multiple counting
Definition
Wrongly including the value of intermediate goods in the domestic product; counting the same good or service more than once.
Term
value added
Definition
The value of a product sold by a firm less the value of the products (materials) purchased and used by the firm to produce that product.
Term
expenditures approach
Definition
The method that adds all expenditures made for final goods and services to measure the gross domestic product.
Term
income approach
Definition
The method that adds all the income generated by the production of final goods and services to measure the gross domestic product.
Term
personal consumption expenditures (C)
Definition
The expenditures of households for durable and nondurable consumer goods and services.
Term
durable goods
Definition
A consumer good with an expected life (use) of three or more years.
Term
nondurable goods
Definition
A consumer good with an expected life (use) of less than three years.
Term
services
Definition
An intangible act or use for which a consumer, firm, or government is willing to pay.
Term
gross private domestic investment (Ig)
Definition
Expenditures for newly produced capital goods (such as machinery, equipment, tools, and buildings) and for additions to inventories.
Term
net private domestic investment
Definition
Gross private domestic investment less consumption of fixed capital; the addition to the nation's stock of capital during a year.
Term
government purchases (G)
Definition
Expenditures by government for goods and services that government consumes in providing public goods and for public capital that has a long lifetime; the expenditures of all governments in the economy for those final goods and services.
Term
net exports (Xn)
Definition
Exports minus imports.
Term
taxes on production and imports
Definition
A national income accounting category that includes such taxes as sales, excise, business property taxes, and tariffs which firms treat as costs of producing a product and pass on (in whole or in part) to buyers by charging a higher price.
Term
consumption of fixed capital
Definition
An estimate of the amount of capital worn out or used up in producing the gross domestic product; also called depreciation
Term
net domestic product (NDP)
Definition
Gross domestic product less the part of the year's output that is needed to replace the capital goods worn out in producing the output; the nation's total output available for consumption or additions to the capital stock.
Term
personal income (PI)
Definition
The earned and unearned income available to resource suppliers and others before the payment of personal taxes.
Term
disposable income (DI)
Definition
Personal income less personal taxes; income available for personal consumption expenditures and personal saving.
Term
nominal gross domestic product (GDP)
Definition
GDP measured in terms of the price level at the time of measurement; GDP not adjusted for inflation.
Term
real gross domestic product (GDP)
Definition
Gross domestic product adjusted for inflation; gross domestic product in a year divided by the GDP price index for that year, the index expressed as a decimal.
Term
price index
Definition
An index number that shows how the weighted-average price of a "market basket" of goods changes over time.
Term
economic growth
Definition
(1) An outward shift in the production possibilities curve that results from an increase in resource supplies or quality or an improvement in technology; (2) an increase of real output (gross domestic product) or real output per capita.
Term
real GDP per capita
Definition
Inflation-adjusted output per person; real GDP/population
Term
rule of 70
Definition
A method for determining the number of years it will take for some measure to double, given its annual percentage increase. Example: to determine the number of years it will take for the price level to double, divide 70 by the annual rate of inflation.
Term
modern economic growth
Definition
The historically recent phenomenon in which nations for the first time have experienced sustained increases in real GDP per capita.
Term
leader countries
Definition
As it relates to economic growth, countries that develop and use advanced technologies, which then become available to follower countries.
Term
follower countries
Definition
As it relates to economic growth, countries that adopt advanced technologies that previously were developed and used by leader countries.
Term
supply factors (if growth)
Definition
The capacity of an economy to combine resources effectively to achieve growth of real output that the supply factors (of growth) make possible.
Term
demand factor (in growth)
Definition
The increase in the level of aggregate demand that brings about economic growth made possible by an increase in the production potential of the economy.
Term
efficiency factor (in growth)
Definition
The capacity of an economy to combine resources effectively to achieve growth of real output that the supply factors (of growth) make possible.
Term
labor productivity
Definition
Total output divided by the quantity of labor employed to produce it; the average product of labor or output per hour of work.
Term
labor-force participation rate
Definition
The percentage of the working-age population that is actually in the labor force.
Term
growth accounting
Definition
The bookkeeping of the supply-side elements such as productivity and labor inputs that contribute to changes in real GDP over some specific time period.
Term
infrastructure
Definition
The capital goods usually provided by the public sector for use by citizens and firms (for example, highways, bridges, transit systems, wastewater treatment facilities, municipal water systems, and airports).
Term
human capital
Definition
The knowledge and skills that make a person productive.
Term
economies of scale
Definition
Reductions in the average total cost of producing a product as the firm expands the size of plant (its output) in the long run; the economies of mass production.
Term
information technology
Definition
New and more efficient methods of delivering and receiving information through the use of computers, fax machines, wireless phones, and the Internet.
Term
start-up firms
Definition
A new firm focused on creating and introducing a particular new product or employing a specific new production or distribution method.
Term
increasing returns
Definition
An increase in a firm's output by a larger percentage than the percentage increase in its inputs.
Term
network effects
Definition
Incerases in the value of a product to each user, including existing users, as the total number of users rises.
Term
learning by doing
Definition
Achieving greater productivity and lower average total cost through gains in knowledge and skill that accompany repetition of a task; a source of economies of scale.
Term
business cycles
Definition
Recurring increases and decreases in the level of economic activity over periods of years; consists of peak, recession, trough, and expansion phases.
Term
peak
Definition
The point in a business cycle at which business activity has reached a temporary maximum; the economy is near or at full employment and the level of real output is at or very close to the economy's capacity.
Term
recession
Definition
A period of declining real GDP, accompanied by lower real income and higher unemployment.
Term
trough
Definition
The point in a business cycle at which business activity has reached a temporary minimum; the point at which a recession has ended and an expansion (recovery) begins.
Term
expansion
Definition
A phase of the business cycle in which real GDP, income, and employment rise.
Term
labor force
Definition
Persons 16 years of age and older who are not in institutions and who are employed or are unemployed and seeking work.
Term
unemployment rate
Definition
Term
discouraged workers
Definition
Employees who have left the labor force because they have not been able to find employment.
Term
frictional unemployment
Definition
A type of unemployment caused by workers voluntarily changing jobs and by temporary layoffs; unemployed workers between jobs.
Term
cyclical unemployment
Definition
A type of unemployment caused by insufficient total spending (or by insufficient aggregate demand).
Term
full-employment rate of employment
Definition
Term
natural rate of unemployment (NRU)
Definition
Term
potential output
Definition
Term
GDP gap
Definition
Term
Okun's law
Definition
Term
inflation
Definition
Term
deflation
Definition
A decline in the economy's price level.
Term
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
Definition
An index that measures the prices of a fixed "market basket" of some 300 goods and services bought by a "typical" consumer.
Term
demand-pull inflation
Definition
Increases in the price level (inflation) resulting from an excess of demand over output at the existing price level, caused by an increase in aggregate demand.
Term
cost-push inflation
Definition
Increases in the price level (inflation) resulting from an increase in resource costs (for example, raw-material prices) and hence in per-unit production costs; inflation caused by reductions in aggregate supply.
Term
per-unit production costs
Definition
Term
core inflation
Definition
The underying increases in the price level after volatile food and energy prices are removed.
Term
nominal income
Definition
Term
real income
Definition
Term
unanticipated inflation
Definition
Term
anticipated inflation
Definition
Increases in the price level (inflation) that occur at the expected rate.
Term
cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs)
Definition
An automatic increase in the incomes (wages) of workers when inflation occurs; guaranteed by a collective bargaining contract between firms and workers.
Term
real interest rate
Definition
Term
nominal interest rate
Definition
Term
hyperinflation
Definition
Term
aggregate demand-aggregate supply (AD-AS) model
Definition
The macroeconomic model that used aggregate demand and aggregate supply to determine and explain the price level and the real domestic output.
Term
aggregate demand
Definition
A schedule or curve that shows the total quantity of goods and services demanded (purchased) at different price levels.
Term
real-balances effect
Definition
Term
interest-rate effect
Definition
Term
determinants of aggregate demand
Definition
Factors such as consumption spending, investment, government spending, and net exports that, if they change, shift the aggregate demand curve.
Term
aggregate supply
Definition
A schedule or curve showing the total amount spent for final goods and services at different levels of real GDP
Term
immediate-short-run aggregate supply curve
Definition
Term
short-run aggregate supply curve
Definition
Term
long-run aggregate supply curve
Definition
Term
determinants of aggregate supply
Definition
Factors such as input prices, productivity, and the legal-institutional environment that, if they change, shift the aggregate supply curve.
Term
productivity
Definition
Term
equilibrium price level
Definition
The price level at which the aggregate demand curve intersects the aggregate supply curve.
Term
equilibrium real (domestic) output
Definition
The gross domestic product at which the total quantity of final goods and services purchased (aggregate expenditures) is equal to the total quantity of final goods and services produced (the real domestic output); the real domestic output at which the aggregate demand curve intersects the aggregate supply curve.
Term
menu costs
Definition
Term
efficiency wages
Definition
A wage that minimiizes wage costs per unit of output by encouraging greater effort or reducing turnover.
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