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Parasites
SAN- JJC Vet Tech
182
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 1
12/07/2013

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Cards

Term
Giardia is what type of organism?
Definition
protozoa
Term
Is giardia zoonotic?
Definition
Yes- infects many species
Term
Reservoir for giardia?
Definition
water and streams (beavers)
Term
Dx giardia?
Definition
-oocysts in fecal float
-adults (trophozoites) in smear
Term
How do giardia adults look when they swim?
Definition
like a leaf falling off a tree (zig zags)
Term
What kind of solution do you use for a general fecal float? When looking for giardia?
Definition
general: salt (NaNO3 aka sodium nitrate) or sugar solution
giardia: non-salt solution for more buoyancy (ZnSO4 aka zinc sulfate)
Term
What is an adult specimen of giardia called?
Definition
trophozoite
Term
CS of giardia?
Definition
diarrhea, usually large bowel
Term
Tx for giardia?
Definition
metronidazole (Flagyl)
Fenbendazole (Panacur)
Term
Metronidazole is used to Tx...
Definition
-giardia
-flatulence (antibiotic kills anaerobic gas-causing bacteria)
Term
Coccidia is what type of organism?
Definition
protozoa
Term
Genera of coccidia?
Definition
Eimeria, Isospora
Term
What part of the body does Eimeria inhabit?
Definition
inside small bowel enterocytes
Term
What causes the symptoms of coccidia?
Definition
They multiply in enterocytes and then rupture the cells, causing diarrhea and frank blood
Term
CS of Eimeria?
Definition
diarrhea, frank hemorrhage
Term
Dx Eimeria?
Definition
eggs in fecal float
Term
Tx Eimeria?
Definition
-coccidiostatic sulfa antibiotics like Albon
-equine label Panazuril is coccidiocidal but not approved for small animals
Term
Generic name for Albon?
Definition
sulfadimethoxine
Term
Is Albon -cidal or -static?
Definition
coccidiostatic
Term
Eimeria is a type of...
Definition
coccidia
Term
Toxoplasma gondii is a type of...
Definition
coccidia
Term
What age group is more vulnerable to coccidia?
Definition
young
Term
Is Toxoplasma gondii zoonotic?
Definition
yes
Term
How long does T. gondii shed eggs?
Definition
3 weeks
Term
Risk to humans of T. gondii?
Definition
fetal abnormalities if woman gets infected in pregnancy
Term
CS of T. gondii in cats?
Definition
usually no signs
Term
Typical life cycle of T. gondii?
Definition
cat feces > mouse > cat
Term
Dx T. gondii?
Definition
-fecal float - oocyttes (briefly)
-blood test - antibodies (just proves exposure)
Term
A positive antibody test for T. gondii means...
Definition
that a cat was exposed to T. gondii at some point, not necessarily that it is currently infected
Term
A positive fecal test for T. gondii means...
Definition
the cat is currently infected with T. gondii
Term
Prevention of T. gondii?
Definition
-good hygiene when gardening / scooping box
-clean litter pan every day
-have man clean litter box
-prevent cat from hunting mice
-don't eat undercooked meat
Term
How long does it take for T. gondii in stool to become infectious?
Definition
24 hours
Term
Another term for nematodes?
Definition
roundworms
Term
Another term for cestodes?
Definition
flatworms (tapes)
Term
Another term for trematodes?
Definition
flukes
Term
Other names for roundworm?
Definition
Ascarid, Toxocara spp
Term
What part of the body do roundworms inhabit?
Definition
small bowel
Term
Are roundworms zoonotic?
Definition
yes
Term
When to begin deworming for roundworms?
Definition
3-4 wks of age
Term
Life cycle of roundworm?
Definition
hatch in intestines > migrate to lungs/trachea > get coughed up > swallowed > back to intestines
Term
What conditions do roundworms cause in people?
Definition
ascariasis; visceral and ocular larval migrans
Term
How can roundworms cause organ damage?
Definition
They migrate from the intestines to the lungs / trachea, damaging any organs it passes through
Term
How long can a roundworm egg last in the environment?
Definition
years - very resistant
Term
How are roundworms transmitted?
Definition
milk, transplacental, fecal
Term
Tx roundworms?
Definition
anthelmintics
Term
What does a coccidia egg look like?
Definition
tiny, circle with little dots inside
Term
What does a roundworm egg look like?
Definition
round with thick "shell"
Term
CS of roundworms?
Definition
potbelly but thin elsewhere, "poor doer," rough hair coat
Term
Nematodes include...
Definition
roundworms, hookworms, whipworms
Term
Genera of hookworms?
Definition
Ancylostoma spp, Uncineria spp
Term
Which parasitic worms are rare in cats?
Definition
hookworms (uncommon), whipworms (veeeery rare)
Term
Life cycle of hookworms?
Definition
larvae ingested in feces or milk, or larvae burrow into feet > coughed up and swallowed > eggs pooped out and hatch soon after
Term
What is "creeping eruption"?
Definition
cutaneous larval migrans, when hookworm larvae try to migrate through human flesh
Term
CS of hookworms?
Definition
anemia, poor doer
Term
Tx hookworms?
Definition
anthelmintics
Term
What does a hookworm egg look like?
Definition
smooth oval with grape-like clusters inside
Term
Scientific name for whipworm?
Definition
Trichuris vulpis ("try to cure us!")
Term
Where do whipworms live?
Definition
In the cecum, but go into LB to feed and lay eggs
Term
Why are whipworms difficult to diagnose?
Definition
-don't shed eggs continuously because they don't feed continuously
-adults threadlike and 1-2" long
-3mo prepatent period
Term
CS of whipworms?
Definition
chronic off and on LB diarrhea, weight loss
Term
A "negative" whipworm fecal would be described as...
Definition
"no ova seen"
Term
Are whipworm eggs labile or hardy?
Definition
hardy - very resistant to enviro. extremes
Term
What is the typical prepatent period for intestinal parasites?
Definition
3 weeks (except whipworms- 3mo)
Term
Genera/spp of tapeworms?
Definition
-Dipylidium caninum
-Taenia spp
-Echinococcus granulosus
Term
Which endoparasites have intermediate hosts?
Definition
-tapes, flukes
Term
Are tapeworms zoonotic?
Definition
-only Echinococcus granulosus
-can get Dipylidium caninum if we ingest a flea, but it's self-limiting
Term
What part of the body do tapeworms inhabit?
Definition
small bowel
Term
CS of tapeworms?
Definition
dogs/cats - mild; weight loss or intestinal obstructions
Term
Echinococcus granulosus
Definition
-tapeworm found in ruminants (esp. moose)
-eggs shed in feces
-form hydatid cysts in major organs/brain if canine feces ingested
Term
Genus/spp of flukes?
Definition
Fasiola hepatica
Term
Life cycle of Fasiola hepatica?
Definition
snail eats eggs > animal (usu. ruminant) eats snail > migrates through liver and lives in bile ducts
Term
What part of the body does Fasiola hepatica inhabit?
Definition
bile ducts in liver
Term
Where in the world is Echinococcus granulosus found?
Definition
Canada
Term
Where in the US is Fasiola hepatica most prevalent?
Definition
upper west coast (cool, moist, lots of snails)
Term
ivermectin is dosed in (what units?)
Definition
mcg
Term
When using large animal Ivomec on dogs or cats, administer _.
Definition
1 drop
Term
Which breeds are susceptible to ivermectin OD?
Definition
collies, border collies, shelties, Old English sheep dogs, 4 white feet mixed breeds
Term
Ivermectin is contraindicated...
Definition
-in patients < 12wks
-when also using amitraz (Mitaban)
Term
Ivermectin toxity results in a...
Definition
coma- reversible but requires heavy nursing care
Term
Scientific name for flea?
Definition
Ctenocephalides canis/felis
Term
Are fleas zoonotic?
Definition
No, but they may carry zoonotic diseases.
Term
Fleas are vectors for...
Definition
tapeworms, bubonic plague, tularemia, bartonella
Term
Scientific name for tape worm from fleas?
Definition
Dipylidium caninum
Term
Scientific name for bubonic plague?
Definition
Yersinia pestis
Term
Scientific name for tularemia?
Definition
Francisella tularensis
Term
Scientific name for bartonellosis?
Definition
Bartonella henselae
Term
Bartonellosis is aka...?
Definition
cat-scratch fever
Term
Humans may get tularemia after contact with...
Definition
rabbits or rodents
Term
Humans may get Bartonellosis after contact with...
Definition
cats
Term
Where does flea bite dermatitis start on an animal's body?
Definition
tailhead, rump area
Term
Flea bite dermatitis vs allergies?
Definition
Dermatitis: localized irritation and itchiness
Allergies: body-wide histamine release with pruritis
Term
Why are fleas especially dangerous for young or small animals?
Definition
They can suck enough blood to cause anemia.
Term
type of dermatitis cats may exhibit from fleas
Definition
milliary dermatitis - pattern on head, neck, face
Term
What is an intermediate host?
Definition
A host which a parasite must live inside in order to complete part of its life cycle
Term
flea shape
Definition
laterally compressed
Term
Fleas can jump __ in __.
Definition
1 mile in 24 hours
Term
Longer flea dirt indicates...
Definition
blood meal of longer duration, implying the animal is not very itchy because it did not disturb the flea
Term
For every flea seen on an animal there are __ more in the environment.
Definition
1 flea on animal : 100 in enviro
Term
Why might a flea-infested cat not have any visible fleas or flea dirt?
Definition
It is an excellent groomer, so it ingests them.
Term
Lice infestation is called __.
Definition
pediculosis
Term
Two types of lice?
Definition
biting and sucking
Term
Lice are seen more often in __ and rarely in __.
Definition
often in dogs, rarely in cats
Term
CS of lice?
Definition
rough coat from nits, pruritis, skin irritation
Term
Lice are intermediate hosts for __.
Definition
Dipylidium caninum
Term
Dx lice?
Definition
examine hair for nits, adults
Term
Tx lice?
Definition
most flea products, or ivermectin
Term
Lice shape?
Definition
compressed V/D
Term
Can lice be transmitted between species?
Definition
No, they are host specific.
Term
Can lice survive in the environment off a host?
Definition
not very long
Term
What type of "bug" is a tick?
Definition
arachnid, not an insect
Term
Ticks are vectors for...
Definition
Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Babeosis, Ehrlichiosis/rickettsia
Term
"Tick paralysis" was first observed in what type of dog?
Definition
coon hound - used for hunting, so they're in tick habitat often
Term
Repelling ticks is...
Definition
hard, if not impossible
Term
Scientific name for bot fly?
Definition
Cuterebra spp.
Term
Life cycle of Cuterebra?
Definition
fly lays egg on skin > bot burrows under skin > 1-2mo later bot emerges
Term
Tx for Cuterebra?
Definition
careful extraction and open wound management
Term
Other term for "fly strike"?
Definition
fly bite dermatitis
Term
Where on the body does fly strike occur?
Definition
tops of the ears
Term
How to differentiate ear tip damage from flies vs sarcoptic mange?
Definition
squeeze or scratch ear tip; pain = fly strike, itching = mange
Term
Flies are attracted to...
Definition
bodily fluids like tears, wastes, etc
-animals with poor hygiene; may be debilitated
Term
What does "warbles" refer to?
Definition
bot flies in cattle
Term
Negative effect of warbles?
Definition
Bots leave holes all over the cow hide, which decreases/ruins their value.
Term
Term for maggot infestation?
Definition
myiasis
Term
What type of maggot invades healthy tissues?
Definition
Mexican screwfly
Term
Another term for skin mite infestation?
Definition
mange
Term
How are mites transmitted?
Definition
general require direct contact
Term
Mite life cycle?
Definition
entirely on the host
Term
Species of mites?
Definition
-Sarcoptes scabiei
-Notoedres cati
-Demodex canis
-Otodectes cynotis
-Cheyletiella
Term
Which animals get Sarcoptes scabiei?
Definition
mostly dogs
Term
Which animals get Notoedres cati?
Definition
only cats
Term
CS of S. scabiei?
Definition
thickened, crusty skin that begins on ear margins; pruritis
Term
CS of N. cati?
Definition
alopecia on face, ears and neck; begins at ear base and forms scabs
Term
Dx Sarcoptes scabiei?
Definition
skin scraping
Term
Dx Notoedres cati?
Definition
skin scraping
Term
Tx Sarcoptes scabiei?
Definition
-ivermectin, lime sulfur dips
-malothion dip (old school, petroleum product)
-mitaban
Term
Inflammation from S. scabiei may cause __ to appear in the skin.
Definition
wrinkles
Term
Scientific name for ear mites?
Definition
Otodectes cynotis
Term
CS of Otodectes cynotis?
Definition
"coffee ground" ear discharge, excoriation, pruritis
Term
Dx O. cynotis?
Definition
ear swabs
Term
Scientific name for "walking dandruff"?
Definition
Cheyletiella
Term
Cheyletiella are called __ __ because they do not burrow into the skin or hair follicle.
Definition
surface mites
Term
CS of Cheyletiella?
Definition
mild alopecia and pruritis along dorsal midline
Term
Dx Cheyletiella?
Definition
cellophane tape test
Term
Tx Cheyletiella?
Definition
most flea products, ivermectin, lime sulfur dips
Term
Cheyletiella are attracted to animals with (what condition?)
Definition
seborrhea
Term
Ear mites are more common in __ than __.
Definition
more common in cats than dogs
Term
Shape of Demodex?
Definition
cigar-shaped to fit into hair follicle
Term
Demodex tends to show up on the __ and __.
Definition
face and paws (oily spots)
Term
CS of Demodex?
Definition
non-pruritic alopecia starting at paws, muzzle, around eyes, spreading to areas of warmth/moisture
Term
What dogs are most vulnerable to Demodex?
Definition
very young, or those that are immuno-compromised (e.g. by cancer)
Term
Tx for Demodex?
Definition
-Mitaban (amitraz) dips
-if Mitaban is contraindicated, milbemycin > ivermectin
Term
Dx for Demodex?
Definition
skin scraping after squeezing the skin first
Term
Generic name for Mitaban?
Definition
amitraz
Term
Mitaban kills...
Definition
ticks and mites
Term
acaracide
Definition
agent used to kill mites
Term
What causes Mitaban toxicity?
Definition
alpha-2-adrenergic agonist
Term
Signs of Mitaban toxicity?
Definition
somnolence, ataxia, weakness, hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, and rarely death
Term
Patients most at risk of Mitaban toxicity?
Definition
low body weight; toy breads like Chihuahuas
Term
Patients at risk of Mitaban toxicity should be treated in what manner?
Definition
-lower concentration than lavel
-treat only 50% body
-avoid amitraz entirely
Term
Do not combine amitraz with:
Definition
-sedatives
-MAOIs or SSRIs
-avermectins (anecdotal reports of neurotoxicity)
Term
Mitaban's potency is increased by...
Definition
oxidation and UV exposure
Term
What to do with opened bottle of Mitaban?
Definition
-use entire bottle at once or dispose of remainder
-do not save remainder for next dip
Term
Reversal agents for Mitaban?
Definition
yohimbine or atipamezole (Antisedan)
Term
Adverse reactions to Mitaban?
Definition
-pruritis from severe mite kill off
-urticaria
-contact hypersensitivity
-hyperglycemia, glucosuria
Term
Patients with __ should not be treated with Amitraz.
Definition
diabetes
Term
Mitaban risk to humans?
Definition
-migraines, asthma, contact hypersensitivity
-no MAOIs
Term
Why are some breeds more sensitive to ivermectin?
Definition
genetic inability to pump drug out of CNS (defect in p-glycoprotein pump)
Term
CS of ivermectin toxicity
Definition
ataxia, tremors, stupor, mydriasis, salivation, bradycardia, respiratory arrest, coma, death
Term
Ivermectin overdose usually occurs with a dose of...
Definition
80-120mcg/Kg
Term
Tx for ivermectin OD?
Definition
supportive care until animal comes out of coma
Term
febantel + praziquantel + pyrantel pamoate
Definition
Drontal Plus
Term
dichlorvos
Definition
Task
Term
diethylcarbamazine
Definition
Caricide, Filarabits
Term
ivermectin
Definition
Ivomec, Heartguard
Term
fendendazole
Definition
Panacur
Term
melarsomine
Definition
Immiticide
Term
metronidazole
Definition
Flagyl
Term
melbemycin oxime
Definition
Interceptor
Term
pyrantel pamoate
Definition
Nemex
Term
butamisole
Definition
anthelmintic
Term
epsiprantel
Definition
anthelmintic
Term
praziquantel
Definition
anthelmintic
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