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Pahology Renal and Urologic System
Exam 1
38
Pathology
Graduate
07/21/2016

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Term
Renal & Urologic system function
Definition
-Filter waste
-Remove fluid
-control electrolyte and water balance
-Assist in BP regulation
-Controls the production of RBC
Term
Waste the Renal and Urologic system filters
Definition
(Uric Acid , urea, creatinine, drugs)
Term
Renal & Urologic system
electrolytes controlled
Definition
NA, K, hydrogen, chloride , bicarbonate
Term
produced by the Renal & Urologic system to control RBC production
Definition
erythropoietin
Term
how much plasma does the body have?
Definition
3 liters
Term
how much plasma filtered per day?
implication/outcome
Definition
180 Lilters, 48 gallons
full body volume 60times/day
-99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed
-1.5-2 liters of urine produced per day
Term
Nephron
Definition
functional unit of the kidney
filters Na, glucose, amino acids, K, stay (RBC)
Term
Components of nephron
Definition
-bowman's capsule containing, within the glomerulus...
-glomerulus ->proximal tubule -> loop of henle -> distal tubule -> collecting ducts
Term
bowman's capsule
Definition
afferent arteriole -> glomerulus filters pulls out 20% of fluid, Na, glucose, amino acids -> filtrate heads to proximal tubule
Term
proximal tubule
Definition
from bowman's capsule
-lined with cells that reabsorb Na, glucose, amino acids via ATP pump (back into the blood)
Term
Loop of henle
Definition
between proximal and distal tubule
-pumps out Na+, Cl-, K+
-water follows (concentration gradient)
Term
distal tubule
Definition
follows the loop of henle
-continues in the reabsorption of Na, glucose, amino acids, and water into the blood
Term
Collecting ducts,
-what goes there?
-ADH role
Definition
follow the distal tubules
-where concentrated waste is deposited,
-Anti-diuretic hormone controls how much water can leak out, to be reabsorbed by the body
Term
Kidney function tests
Definition
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Term
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Definition
A Kidney Function Test
-Test for how well kidneys are filtering
-Measured by creatinine levels in blood
Term
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Definition
A Kidney Function Test
-Urea is a byproduct of protein metabolism
Term
Aging and kidney function
Definition
- Diminished blood supply to kidneys
- Decreased number of nephrons
- Less efficient
- Less able to concentrate or dilute urine
- Decreased bladder capacity
- Diminished pelvic floor mm strength
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH
Term
kidney infection signs and symptoms
Definition
1. Frequency
2. Urgency
3. Dysuria
4. Cloudy Foul smelling
5. Painful urination
6. Blood or pus in Urine
7. Fever
8. Chills
9. Malaise
10. Flank Pain
Term
UTI infection stats
Definition
-affect 5% of females per year
-SNF, extended care 20 % (men)-25% (women)
Term
Bladder UTI
Definition
-cystitis
-
Term
Urethra UTI
Definition
urethritis
Term
pyelonephritis
Definition
UTI
upper portion of the urinary tract and involve the kidneys
Term
UTI prevention
Definition
-Drinking at least eight 8-oz glasses of water each day
-Urinating soon after sexual intercourse
-For females, wiping from the front to back after urination
-Changing sanitary pads often during menstruation
-Washing the genital area with warm water before sexual activity to minimize the chance that bacteria can be introduced
Term
UTI treatment
Definition
antibiotics
Term
ESRD
Definition
end-stage renal disease
-aka kidney failure
Term
Renal cystic disease
-what is it?
-Symptoms
Definition
-cyst develop in the kidney
-can lead to degeneration or obstruction, ESRD
-Pain, hematuria, fever, hypertension
Term
Renal Obstructive Disorders
-can incliude
Definition
-Renal calculi
-Prostatic hyperplasia
-Cancer
-Scar tissue from inflammation
-Tumors
-Infection
Term
Renal calculi
-what forms them
-why?
Definition
Kidney stones: crystals formed from normal components of urine (calcium 75-80%, magnesium, uric acid, magnesium, ammonium)
-stones start forming when too much of these ingredients are available
Term
Renal calculi
-what do they cause>?
-Treatment?
Definition
-obstruction -> backward pressure leads to damage
-pain with NO COMFORTABLE POSITION
treatment:
-Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
-stones gr8er than 1cm benefit from ureteroscopy
Term
Renal failure
-RESULTS
-types
Definition
-elevated creatinine and urea
types:
-ACUTE RENAL FAILURE-sudden loss of function, causes toxicity, trauma, prolonged UTI
-Chronic Renal Failure- decreased loss of function for > 3 months
Term
Chronic renal failure
-blood symptoms
Definition
Increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, or protein detected in the urine
Term
Chronic renal failure
-when are symptoms apparent?
Definition
not at first:
Below 25% functioning, problems develop
Below 15-20%, treatment
Term
Chronic renal failure
-outcome
Definition
-loss of nephrons
-leads to end stage renal disease
-dialysis necessary
Term
what can lead to chronic renal failure?
Definition
Diabetes, HTN, UT obstructions, hereditary, OTC NSAIDS or acetaminophen
Term
ESRD effects
Definition
-Uremia-retention of nitrogen wastes
-Anemia - decreased erythropoietin
-impaired coagulation
-cardiovascular disease
-GI disturbance
-medullary sponge kidney
-calcium deposits in various tissue
-HTN: angiotensin II released to keep pressure adequate for filtering
Term
Uremia
what is it?
effects
Definition
-retention of nitrogen wastes causing multi system failure
-Nausea, Vomiting, Anorexia, Lethargy, Pruritus (itching), Sensory and motor neuropathy, Pericarditis, Impaired heart function, Seizures
Term
Medullary sponge kidney
-effects-as in ESRD
Definition
-body retains phosphate and loses Ca++….PTH increases to draw more Ca++ out of the bone
Term
ESRD management
Definition
-end stage Renal diseasse
Dialysis
Transplant
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