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Organizational Psychology
Exam 1 Review
124
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
02/13/2009

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Term
Psychology
Definition
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Term
Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Definition
Specialty area within the broad field of psychology that studies human behavior in work settings
Term
First two people to experiment in the field of industrial psychology
Definition
Hugo Munsterberg and Walter Dill Scott
Term
Frederick W. Taylor
Definition
Engineer who believed that scientific principles could be applied to study the work behavior to improve worker efficiency.
Known for time-and-motion studies
Term
Time and Motion Studies
Definition
Developed by Frederick W. Taylor, he figured out the one best way to do each task, this usually doubled and tripled worker efficiency.
Term
Elton Mayo
Definition
Testing lighting and employee productivity, hawthorne effect
Term
Hawthorne Effect
Definition
People change their behavior when they are being observed
Term
Human Relations Movement
Definition
Recognizes the importance of social factors and worker morale
Term
Civil Rights Movement and its impact on I/O Psych
Definition
Many tests were made to make sure placement and promotions were not based on gender or race
Term
First Trend
Definition
Organizational Downsizing, Strategy of reducing an organizations workforce to improve efficiency and productivity
Term
Second Trend
Definition
Expanding focus on human resources, becoming more responsive to needs of workers. Organizations have to compete w/ each other in order to maintain their best workers
Term
Third Trend
Definition
Increasing Diversity of Workforce
Term
Fourth Trend
Definition
Increasing globalization, increasing need for workers trained to work with organizations in other countries
Term
Social Perception
Definition
Process of combining, integrating, and interpreting information about others to gain an understanding of them
Term
Attribution
Definition
The way people come to judge the underlying causes of others' behavior
Term
Personal Identity
Definition
Appearance, personality, skill sets, interests
Term
Social Identity
Definition
Groups you belong to, where you work, citizenship
Term
Social Identity Theory
Definition
The way we perceive others and ourselves is based on our unique characteristics and our membership in various groups. If you want others to think highly of you you will tell them the the groups that you belong to that are most respectable
Term
Correspondent Inferences
Definition
Judgments we make about what somone is like based on what we observe
Term
Internal Causes of Behavior
Definition
Explanations based on actions for which the individual is responsible
Term
External Causes of Behavior
Definition
Explanations based on actions for which the individual has no control
Term
Kelley's Theory or Casual Attribution
Definition
Consensus, Consistency, Distinctiveness
Term
Consensus
Definition
If others behaved in the same way it is considered external
Term
Consistency
Definition
If the person is acting the same way they do at all times, it is most likely internal. if they are acting differently it is external
Term
Distinctiveness
Definition
If the person behaves in the same manner in other contexts
Term
Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition
It is easier to attribute something to someone's personality or character than the situatiional factors that could have caused it. "Judging People"
Term
Halo Effect
Definition
Once we form a positive view of someone we tend to view their actions in favorable terms
Term
Team halo Effect
Definition
Credits teams for their successes but not hold them accountable for failures
Term
Similar-to-me Effect
Definition
Source of bias when it comes to judging people, superiors give higher ratings to those most like them
Term
Selective Perception
Definition
Individuals focus on certain parts of the environment and ignore others
Term
First Impression Error
Definition
The way we judge someone is very related to how we feel about them from their first impression
Term
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Definition
Someone's expectations about someone that cause that individual to behave in a manner consistent with those expectations
Term
Pygmalion Effect
Definition
Holding high expectations for a person causes them to improve their performance
Term
Golem Effect
Definition
Low expectations lead to low performance
Term
Impression Management
Definition
We try to have others view us in the best light possible
Term
Performance Appraisal
Definition
When someone formally evaluates the job performance of another
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
People associate consequences of their actions with the actions themselves
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
Actions with desirable outcomes will strengthen our tendency to do those actions
Term
Interactionist Perspective
Definition
The view that behavior is a result of a complex interplay between personality and situational factors
Term
person-job fit
Definition
The extent to which the traits and abilities of individuals match the requirements of the jobs they must perform
Term
Objective Tests
Definition
Questionnaires and inventories designed to measure various aspects of personality
Term
Reliability
Definition
Extent to which a test yields consistent scores
Term
Validity
Definition
The extent to which a test actually measures what it claims to
Term
Predictive Validity
Definition
The extent to which the score achieved on a test administered to a person at one time predicts some measure of his or her performance at some later time
Term
Big 5 dimensions
Definition
OCEAN, Openness, Conscientousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
Term
Extraversion
Definition
Tendency to seek stimulation and to enjoy the company of other people
Term
Agreeableness
Definition
Tendency to be compassionate towards others
Term
Conscientiousness
Definition
A tendency to show self-discipline
Term
Neuroticism
Definition
Tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily
Term
Openness to experience
Definition
Tendency to enjoy new experiences and new ideas
Term
Positive Affectivity
Definition
Tendency to experience positive moods and feelings in a wide range of settings
Term
Negative Affectivity
Definition
Tendency to experience negative moods in a wide range of different settings
Term
Core-Self Evaluation
Definition
People's fundamental evaluations of themselves
Term
Self-Esteem
Definition
The overall value one places on oneself as a person
Term
generalized self-efficacy
Definition
A person's belief about his or her capacity to perform specific tasks successfully
Term
Emotional Stability
Definition
The tendency to see oneself as confident, secure, and steady
Term
Machiavellianism
Definition
Personality trait involving willingness to manipulate others for one's own purposes
Term
Achievement motivation
Definition
The strength of an individual's desire to excel - to succeed at difficult tasks and to do them better than other persons
Term
Learning goal orientation
Definition
Desire to perform well because it satisfies an interest in meeting a challenge and learning new skills
Term
Performance goal orientation
Definition
desire to perform well to demonstrate one's competence to others
Term
Avoidance goal orientation
Definition
The desire to achieve success to avoid appearing incompetent and to avoid receiving negative evaluation from others
Term
Abilities
Definition
Mental and Physical capacities to perform various tasks
Term
Skills
Definition
Dexterity at performing specific tasks, which has been acquired through training or experience
Term
Cognitive Intelligence
Definition
The ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, and to overcome obstacles with careful thought
Term
Practical Intelligence
Definition
Adeptness at solving the practical problems of everday life
Term
Tacit Knowledge
Definition
Knowledge about how to get things done
Term
Emotional Intelligence
Definition
A cluster of skills relating to the emotional side of life (ability to recognize and regulate our own emotions, to influence those of others, to self-motivate)
Term
Maslow's Hierarchy Theory
Definition
Motivation theory arranges needs from highest to lowest priority: Physiological needs, Safety needs, Social needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs
Term
ERG Theory
Definition
Alderfer's motivation model that categorizes needs into existence, relatedness, and growth needs
Term
Achievement Motivation Theory
Definition
McClelland's model of motivation that emphasizes the importance of three needs - achievement, power, and affiliation - in determining worker motivation
Term
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Definition
A projective test that uses ambiguous pictures to assess psychological motivation
Term
Reinforcement Theory
Definition
The theory that behavior is motivated by its consequences
Term
Positive reinforcers
Definition
desirable events that strenghten the tendency to respond
Term
Negative Reinforcers
Definition
Events that strengthen a behavior through the avoidance of an existing negative state
Term
Punishment
Definition
Unpleasant consequences that reduce the tendency to respond
Term
fixed-interval schedule
Definition
reinforcement that follows the passage of a specific amount of time
Term
Variable-Interval Schedule
Definition
Reinforcement that follows the passage of a specified amount of time, with exact time of reinforcement varying
Term
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
Definition
Reinforcement that is contigent on the performance of a fixed number of behaviors
Term
Variable-Ratio Schedule
Definition
Reinforcment taht depends on the performance of a specified but varying number of behaviors
Term
Organizational Behavior Modification
Definition
Application of conditioning principles to obtain certain work outcomes
Term
Intrinsic Motivation
Definition
Notion that people are motivated by internal rewards
Term
Goal-Setting Theory
Definition
The motivational theory that emphasizes the setting of specific and challenging performance goals
Term
Two-factor theory
Definition
Herzberg's motivational theory of motivators and hygienes that are important in determining employee (dis)satisfaction
Term
Motivators
Definition
Elements that lead to job satisfaction when present
Term
Hygienes
Definition
Elements that lead to dissatisfaction when absent
Term
Growth need strength
Definition
desire for personal growth on the job
Term
Job Characteristics Model
Definition
Skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback, all affect meaningfulness of work
Term
Skill Variety
Definition
job requires the worker to use a variety of abilities and skills, perceived as challenging and meaningful
Term
Task Identity
Definition
The degree to which a job requires the completion of an entire job or function. The worker needs to see the observable outcome or product of work efforts
Term
Task Significance
Definition
The degree to which a job has a substantial impact on other people whithin the organization
Term
Autonomy
Definition
The degree to which the job gives the worker freedom and independence to choose how to schedule and carry out tasks
Term
Feedback
Definition
Degree to which the job allows the worker to receive direct and clear info about their effectiveness
Term
Equity Theory
Definition
Workers are motivated to reduce perceived inequities, the two main ones are underpayment and overpayment inequity
Term
Expectancy Theory
Definition
Cognitive theory of motivation that states workers weigh expected costs and benefits of particular courses before they are motivated to take action: Valence, Instrumentality, Expectancy
Term
Valence
Definition
Desirability of an outcome to an individual
Term
Instrumentality
Definition
Perceived relationship between the performance of a particular behavior and the likelihood of receiving a particular outcome
Term
Expectancy
Definition
Relationship between the individuals effort and peformance of a behavior
Term
Noise
Definition
Physical or psychological distractions that disrupt the effective flow of communication
Term
Source Factors
Definition
Characteristics of the sender that influences the effectiveness of communication
Term
Channel Factors
Definition
Characteristics of the vehicle of transmission of a message that affects communication
Term
jargon
Definition
special language developed in connection with certain jobs, technical language
Term
Filtering
Definition
The selective presentation of the content of a communication
Term
Exaggeration
Definition
The distortion of info by elaborating, overestimating, or minimizing parts of a message
Term
Communication networks
Definition
systematic lines of comm. among various senders and receivers
Term
Centralized Networks
Definition
Flow of communication is directed through specific members. Chain, Y, and Wheel networks
Term
Decentralized Networks
Definition
Networks where messages can originate at any point and don't need to be directed through a specific group: Circle and All Channel
Term
Organigram
Definition
Diagram of an organization's hierarchy representing the formal lines of comm.
Term
Grapevine
Definition
Informal comm. network in an organization
Term
Sociogram
Definition
Diagram of the informal lines of communication among organizational members
Term
Influence
Definition
The ability to use social forces to affect the behavior of others
Term
Power
Definition
the use of some aspect of a work relationship to compel another to perform a certain action despite resistance
Term
Ingratiation
Definition
influencing others by increasing one's personal appeal to them
Term
Organizational Power
Definition
Power derived from a person's position in an organization
Term
Individual Power
Definition
Power derived from personal characteristics that are of value to an organization such as leadership
Term
Coercive Power
Definition
Use of punishment or the threat of punishment to affect the behavior of others
Term
Reward Power
Definition
Power that results from having the ability to offer something positive
Term
Legitimate Power
Definition
Formal rights or authority accompanying a position
Term
Expert Power
Definition
Power derived from having knowledge
Term
Referent Power
Definition
Power resulting from the fact that an individual is respected, admired and liked by others
Term
Power Corollary
Definition
FOr every exercise of power, the subject may react with a return power play
Term
Functional Politics
Definition
Political behaviors that help the org. obtain its goals
Term
Dysfunctional Politics
Definition
Political behaviors that detract from the org. ability to attain goals
Term
Whistle Blowing
Definition
Political behavior whereby an employee criticizes company policies and practices to persons outside the org.
Term
Ways to manage organizational politics
Definition
Remove ambiguity, provide slack resources, create a positive climate, clarify personnel selection processes, Reward performance
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