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Organizational Behavior
Modules 1 - 3
41
Management
Undergraduate 3
10/06/2013

Additional Management Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Self Concept:
Socrates: The unexamined life is not worth living.
Shakespeare: To thine own self be true
Sun Tzu: Knowing self/enemy... chances vitory.
Definition
Socrates: How can you evolve if you don't reflect.
Shakespeare: Be true to yourself; you can fool others, but don't lie to yourself; don't rationalize a bad decision
Sun Tzu: You have to know your weakness since your enemy does
Term
Self-Esteem vs Self-Efficiency
Definition
Self-Esteem - like/dislike for self; high/low belief in self
Self-Efficiency - Belief in one's ability to perform a task
Term
Self Monitoring
Definition
ability to understand/adapt one's behavior

it's important to adapt, but don't come off as a flip;flopper
Term
Personality
Definition
Physical and mental characteristics; pattern of interaction with others
Term
How is personality determined? (Hereditary vs Environment vs situation)
Definition
Hereditary (Nature): behavior is genetically pre-determined

Environment (Nurture): behavior=F(culture,experience) also behavior='group'(social identity theory)

Situation (contingency): behavior changes in different situations
Term
Big Five Model

1) Extroversion
2) Agreeable
3) Conscientiousness
4) Emotional Stability
5) Openness to Experience
Definition
Big Five Model

1) Extroversion: outgoing/sociable/ assertiveness; Hi performance in management
2) Agreeable: Trusting/Coopertive; Hi performance in teamwork
3) Conscientiousness: Dependable, responsible; Hi performance/Integrity tests
4) Emotional Stability: Relaxed, secure
5) Openness to Experience: Intellectual, curious, broad-minded
Term
Locus of Control
Definition
Fate is controlled by self (internal); others (externals)
Term
Machiavellianism
Definition
Pragmatism, little emotion, ends justify the means
Term
Risk-taking
Definition
Willingness to take chances; using less information in less time
Term
Tolerance for Ambiguity (Novelty, Complexity, Insolubility)
Definition
Novelty: New/unfamiliar info
Complexity: multiple/ divergent info
Insolubility: little/hidden info
Term
Ability vs Values (intellectual vs physical)
Definition
Intellectual: many dimensions; issues of IQ, EQ, and BFOQ (Bonafied Occupation Qualification)
Physical: many dimensions, issues of disparate impact, BFOQ
Term
Values (terminal vs instrumental)
Definition
Terminal: ends - what you want
Instrumental: means - how you want to get it
Term
Issue of EQ (vs IQ) - Emotional Intelligence; Personal and Social Dimensions
Definition
Personal (Insight) and Social (Empathy)
Self Awareness Social Awareness
Self Management Relationship Management
Term
Myths of Stress
Definition
1) Just in your mind
2) Just you (no one else is bothered
Term
What is stress
Definition
A dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, constraint, or demand related to what he/she desires (potential stress)... and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.
Term
What are the three sources of stress?
Definition
Environment Macro: Political, Technological, Social, Economical,

Organizational (Meso): Structure, Leadership, Life-Cycle, Interpersonal Demands, Tasks, Role Demands

Individual (Micro): Family, Home Economies, Personality (Type A)
Term
What are the four ways of managing stress (Elimination)
Definition
Direction: Mission Statement, Time Management

Interpersonal: Increase Competence (OB!)/ Health Collaborations

Situational Factors: Restructuring Work (JCM)

Anticipation/Expectation: Goal-Setting (Focus)/ Small-Wins (Be reasonable), SELF-Evaluation/Development-Enactment/Permanence
Term
What does the Effective Time Management matrix look like and what are it's compenents?
Definition
[image]
Term
What are some ways for Effective Time Management?
Definition
1) Customized Agendas
2) Organization
3) Task - Combination/Timing
4) Delegation
5) Deadlines and Milestones
6) Usage of 'Downtime'
7) vs. ineffective meetings - timing/actionable/location
8) Drive (vs. be driven) events
Term
What are the three aspects of Resiliency?
Definition
Physiological: Exercize/Cardiovascular/Dietary

Psychological: Balance/Hardiness (Worry-Concern/Positive)/vs. Type-A

Social Resiliency: Relationships/Mentor/Cohesive Teams
Term
What are the different ways of coping?
Definition
Physiological Relaxation: Muscle Relaxation/ Deep Breathing

Psychological Relaxation: Imagery/Fantasy/Rehearsal/Reframing

Versus Harmful, Habit-Forming Techniques: Alcohol & Drugs/Raging
Term
What is perception?
Definition
Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting one sensory impressions too make sense of one's environment.
Term
What are the 4 biases of perception?
Definition
Selective Attention: Manipulating Salience to Drive Perception Novel, Unusual (Person, Norm), Extreme Dominant. Re: Motives, Interest/Education, Expectations/ Stereotypes. Re: Cognitive Categories

Halo Effect: Single Characteristic determines overall assessment (e.g. Attractiveness,Handshake, etc)

Leniency (Positive), Strictness (Negative), Central Tendency (Neutral); Pattern of Evaluation

Primacy (First), Recency (Latest): Relative emphasis to temporal proximity
Term
What is the Decision Making Heuristic and why is it wrong? What are the two types of bias in it?
Definition

Decision Making Heuristic (rules of thumb) simplify things (reduce information processing demands) but lead us into systematic trappings.

 

Availability Bias: based on memory

Representative Bias: based on categories

Term
What is (Non-rational) Escalation of Commitment and how can you solve it?
Definition
It is the tendency to stick to an ineffectual course of action too long, when it is unlikely that the situation can be reversed. (e.g. continuing to put money into a lottery machine)

To prevent: Ignore SUNK COSTS!
Term
Framing Perceptions
Definition
Framing Reality (e.g., Eisner's Speech Strategy) RE: Reference -> Relative Gains and Losses
Gains -> Risk-Averse/Losses -> Risk-Seeing Implications
Term
What are Contrast Effects?
Definition
They are an assessment relative to others (e.g., interviews, presentations,) Social Comparative

3.3 The story with the girl being compared to another intern even though she was good herself
Term
What is the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?
Definition
It is the change phenomenon to fit expectations.

Pygmalion Effect: Rise or fall to meet target level
RE: Expectations/Treatment/Motivations/Effort/Behavior

3.10: Story about the boss who assumed his recruits were lazy, thus he did not try hard enough to encourage them to get the training they needed.
Term
What is a confirmation trap?
Definition
It is emphasis data consistent with position (e.g., Auto, Job); Emotional/versus Dissonance

Like when you only look for information that backs up your claim.
Term
What is Projection?
Definition
Deny Individuality, Everyone is like ME (e.g., Hardworking, Political)
RE: Diversity
Term
What stereotypes do and what are some examples and the process of stereotyping?
Definition
They deny a persons individuality and claim that a person is like their GROUP.

Types: Sex-Role, Age, Race, Religion, Etc.

Process: 1) Put in group
2) Generalize group
3) Confirm/Maintain/Reinforce
Term
When we assign credit/blame, we must be careful of what two things?
Definition
Fundamental Attribution Bias (others): Overestimating internal factors in determining the behavior of others

Self-Serving Bias (self): Credit internal factors when we succeed and blaming external factors when we fail.
Term
What is the Rational Model of decision making? (Perfect Rationality)
Definition
Identify Problem -> Generate (all) Alternatives -> select (optimal) solution via algorithm -> systematically Implement Solution

But people are not perfect, but we should still use this when we have time, information, and if it's important.
Term
What is the Simon's Normative (Satisficing) Model of decision making?
Definition
You use this when you have limited information processing capabilities, limited time, etc. you would use shortcuts/heuristics to simplify and save time. Therefore, its like "Bounded Rationality"
Term
What is satisficing?
Definition
Its when you pick the good enough alternative that meets minimum standards (vs. optimizing)
Term
What is the Rationalization Model of decision making and why is it useful?
Definition
This model is considered 'backwards' approach since this is used for justification of a decision. It can be considered faux support for an implicit favorite; hidden agenda
Term
What is the INTUITION model of decision making and is it useful? What are it's faults?
Definition
This model used expertise, 'invisible' logic, and a holistic approach. It's faster and more flexible/adaptive compared to other models. However, it's also more subjective.
Term
What is the Creativity model of decision making? What are the steps?
Definition
It is the process of developing something new or unique. Geniuses/nerds/adapters don't use this well because they stick to rules

Steps: Preparation -> Concentration -> Incubation -> Illumination -> Verification
Term
What is the decision making and ethics model?
Definition
Moral Maturity:
Post-Conventional
Conventional ^
Pre-Conventional ^
Term
What are the three ethical codes of conduct?
Definition
The Utilitarian Model (Bentham, Mill)
Right = Greatest Good for the Greatest Number

The Moral Rights Model (Locke,Kant)
Right = Protection of Basic Rights

The Justice Model (Aristotle, Hobbes)
Right = Fair, Equitable and Objective
Term
What is the triple bottom line model? (sustainability)
Definition
Social
Economical
Environmental

Bearable
Equitable
Viable
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