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Organic Chemistry
Physical Properties, Alcohols, Aldehydes and Ketones, Carbohydrates
27
Chemistry
12th Grade
06/11/2014

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Cards

Term
As the carbon chain length increases .........points and ................points .................
Definition
MAs the carbon chain length increases mellting points and boiling points increase.
Term
Among molecules with the same functional group dispersion forces ................... with molar mass.
Definition
Among molecules with the same functional group dispersion forces increase with molar mass.
Term
Molecules with............... ........... ...... take more energy to separate.
Definition
Molecules with larger molar mass take more energy to separate.
Term

Molecules with many polar groups will dissolve in ............solution.

Molecules with many non-polar groups will dissolve in ..............solutions.

Definition

Molecules with many polar groups will dissolve in polar solution.

Molecules with many non-polar groups will dissolve in non-polar solutions.

Term
WHy do alcohols have stronger bonds and higher boiling points than aldehydes and ketones?
Definition

Aldehydes and ketones do not have OH groups and therefore cannot form hydrogen bonds.

(C=O bonds can still hydrogen bond but are not as common or effective)

Term
Isomeric acids have ............ boiling points than their esters.
Definition

Isomeric acids have higher boiling points than their esters.

Esters do not have an OH group so they cannot hydrogen bond.

Term
What are the main steps in the production of ethanol?
Definition

1.Grains soaked in water and begin to germinate producing enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of starch into glucose.

2. Yeast is added to the mixture.

3. The glucose passes into the yeast through the cell wall where enzymes catalyse the fermentation of the glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide.

4. The products then pas out through the cell wall.

Term
Equation for the hydrolysis of polysaccharides to monosaccharides?
Definition

(C6H10O5)n + nH2O = nC6H12O6

 

Term
Equation for the hydrolysis of disaccharides to monosaccharides.
Definition
C12H22O11 + H2O = 2C6H12O6
Term
Equation for the fermentation of glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Definition
C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Term
Primary alcohol?
Definition
OH group is bonded to a carbon which is bonded to only one other carbon.
Term
Secondary Alcohol?
Definition
OH group is bonded to a carbon which is bonded to two other carbons.
Term
Tertiary Alcohol?
Definition
OH group is bonded to a carbon which is bonded to three other carbons.
Term
....ary and ........ary alcohols will oxidise with acidified dichromate solution.
Definition
Primary and secondary alcohols will oxidise with acidified dichromate solution.
Term
Primary alcohols oxidise to form an ................ and then a ...........................
Definition
Primary alcohols oxidise to form an aldehyde and then a carboxylic acid.
Term
Secondary alcohols oxidise to form a .................
Definition
Secondary alcohols oxidise to form a ketone.
Term
Equations for oxidation of primary alcohols.
Definition

R-CH2-OH = R-CHO (aldehyde)

R-CH=O = R-COOH (carboxylic acid)

 

with Cr2O72-/H+

Term
Equation for oxidation of secondary alcohols
Definition

RR-CH-OH = RR-CO (ketone)

 

with Cr2O72-/H+

Term
Equation for reduction of acidified dichromate solution
Definition

Cr2O72- = Cr3+

Colour change orange to green.

Term
Equations for the oxidation of tertiary alcohols.
Definition
Do not oxidise.
Term
When aldehydes are heated with an acidified solution of dichromate they undergo oxidation to ....................
Definition
When aldehydes are heated with an acidified solution of dichromate they undergo oxidation to carboxylic acids.
Term
How can acidified dichromate solution and tollen's reagent be used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones?
Definition

When dichromate solution is reduced it turns from orange to green, and when tollen's reagent is reduced to metallic silver it forms a silver mirror.

 As alderhydes oxidise and ketones do not, an aldehyde will cause a colour change or a mirror to be formed and a ketone will not.

Term
Molecular formula of carbohydrates.
Definition

Cx(H2O)y or CxH2yOy

(often x=y but not always)

Term
Molecular formular of glucose?
Definition
C6H12O6
Term
Molecular formular of disaccharides?
Definition
C12H22O11
Term
Molecular formular of polysaccharides?
Definition
(C6H10O5)n
Term
Why are simple carbohydrates more soluble on water than polysaccharides?
Definition
All carbohydrates have OH groups which allow them to hydrogen bond with water, however the molar mass of polysaccharides is too large to mix with water.
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