Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Org 330
Final
38
Business
Undergraduate 3
12/06/2008

Additional Business Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Goals

 

Definition
Objectives that manangement seeks to achieve in pursuing the purpose of the firm's goal to motivate people to work together
Term
Strategies
Definition

Specific action plans that enable the organization to achieve its goals and thus its purpose

Term
Organization Evolution Stages
Definition
  • Inception
  • High-growth
  • Maturity-more mature, tne to become more formalized and thus more differentiated.
  • Decline-possible, not definite outcome. Time to prevent decline changes is when things are going well
Term
Organization Structure
Definition
  • Defines how job tasks are formally divided, grouped, and coordinated.
  • The system of task, reporting, and authority relationships within which the work of the organization is comleted
  • Form and function of organization activities and how organizations fit together
Term

Organizational Structure

Key Issues to be address

Definition
  • Work specialization
  • Departmentalization
  • Chain of command
  • Span of control
  • Centralization
  • Decentralization
  • Formalization
Term

Differentiation

Org. Structure 

 

 

Definition
  • Fragments the organization through specialization of labor
  • Excessive differentiation can cause miscommunication, conflict, and politics
Term

Integration

Org. Structure

 

Definition
  • Pulls organization together through coordination of specialists
  • Works toward common goal of ensuring coordination and can be accomplished
Term

Work Specialization

 

Division of Labor

Definition

Dividing work into different jobs and different people

  • Efficient use of labor
  • Lower training costs
  • Increased standardiztion and uniformity of output
  • Increased expertise from task repetion

Creates problems when carried too far: Lower job satisfaction, decreased worker involvement and commitment

Term

Departmentaliztion

(internal processes)

Definition

Jobs are grouped togther and allocated to work groups:

  • Function-traditional business: marketing, org structure
  • Process-job groupings, encourage specialization
Term

Departmental

(External Processes)

Definition

Basis by which jbos are grouped together and allocated to work groups

  • Product
  • Geography-global, state, region
  • Customer-large, med, small organizations
Term

Centralization

Definition

Degree to which decision making is condentrated at a single point in the organization

  • Highly centralized is when top managers make al the key decisions
Term
Decentralization
Definition

When front line employees and managers make decisions

  • Middle and lower level managers empowered to make important decisions
Term
Formalization
Definition

Degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized

  • Degree to which rules and procedures shape employees jobs and activities
  • Purpose: predict/control how employees behave in the job
  • Explicit rules explained in the job description, policy and procedure manuals
  • Implicit rules developed as employees become accustomed to doing things (unwritten rules)
Term
Responsiblity
Definition

Obligation to do something with the expectation of achieving some act or output

 

Assigned through Chain of Command

- managers can delagate responsability, but it isi ultimately responsablity of manger assigned

Term
Authority
Definition

Power that has been legitimized within a social context.

 

Part of an official organizational role, from ownership in the organization

Term

Mechanistic Structure

(model)

Definition
  • Good in relatively stable environments
  • strict rules, narrowly defined tasts, top-down communication
  • High specialization
  • Rigid departmentalization
  • Clear chain of command
  • High formalization
Term

Organic Structure

(model)

Definition
  • Flexible networks of muli-talented individuals that perform various tasks
  • successful in unstable enviroment
  • cross-functional teams
  • cross-hierachical teams
  • free flow of info
  • wide span of control
  • decentralization/low formalization
Term
Orgaizational Culture
Definition

The way we do things in the workplace

Term

Steps for Creating

Organizational

Culture

Definition

Formulating Strategic Value: basic beliefs about the orgs. enviroment, links orgs and enviroment.

Create Cultural Values: values employees need to have and to act on for the organization to carry out the strategic values

Create the vision: Picture of what org will be in the future. Protrays strategic and cultural values in future.

Initiate Implementaion Strategies: Builds values and initiate action to accomplish vision, devolop org design, recruting and training employees

Reniforce Cutural Behaviors of Employees: As they act out cultural values implement org. strategies. Employees learn culture through stories, rituals, language

Term

Characteristcs of

Organizational Behavior

Definition
  • Innovation and risk taking
  • Attention to detail
  • Outcome orientation
  • People orientation
  • Team orientation
  • Aggressiveness
  • Stability
Term
Culture Functions
Definition
  • Boundary-defining roles: creat distinctions between one organization or another
  • Conveys a sense of identity "oneness"
  • Facilitates the generation of commitment-org commitment-individual commitment
  • Enhances social system-social glue hold Org together
  • Sense-making and control mechanism: guides/shapes attitudes and behaviors of employees
Term
Four Funcions of Culture
Definition

Gives members an organizational identity

-self-esteem, proud to be apart

Facilitates collective agreement

-Feel a part of the company, realize how you make a difference

Promote social system ability

-rules are established and adhered to

Shapes behaviors by helping members make sense of surroundings

-know the business, what is expected, how you fit in, future opportunites

 

Term
Organizational Socialization
Definition

Anticipatory socialization

 

Encounter

 

Change and Acquistion

Term
Anticipatory Socialization
Definition
  • Phase occurs before the individual joins organization
  • Info about the organization (right or wrong) that the employee knows
  • Unrealistic expections are often formulated during this period
Term
Encounter
Definition
  • This phase begins once the employment contract has been signed and is a time of suprises and sense making
  • Advice from and getting to know co-workers
  • Reality shock-newcomers feel of surprise after experiences unexpected situations or events
Term
Change and Acquistion
Definition
  • Yields mastery of important tasks and resolution of role conflict
  • understand people and the company
Term
Types of Change
Definition
  • Adaptive Change
  • Innovative Change
  • Radically Innovative Change
Term
Adaptive Change
Definition
  • Lowest in complexity, cost, and uncertainty
  • Involves re-implementation of a change in the same organization until or implementation of a similiar change in a different unit
  • familiar-so not threatening
  • example-long retail hours during the holiday season
Term
Innovative Change
Definition
  • Fall midway on the complexity, cost and uncertainy continuum.
  • Unfamilarity and great uncertainty increase the amount of fear of change
Term
Radically Innovative Change
Definition
  • Complex, cost high, uncertainty high
  • Most difficult to implement and most threatening to employees
Term

Forces of Change

Definition

Internal

-human resource issue

-managerial behaviors and decisions

External

-Demographic characteristics

-Technological advancements

-Market changes

-Social and Political pressures

Term

Forces of Change

 

Definition

People

  • Senior Citizens (conservative)
  • Baby boomers(more college education higher expectations)
  • Post 1964-thoughts (no pension, more movement between jobs, less chance for SS, relant of long term savings)
Term
Lewin's Change Model
Definition
  • Change is a learning process
  • There must be a motivation to change
  • People are the root of all change
  • Always resistance to change (fear of unknown)
  • Effective change requires appropriate reinforcing practices-behavior and attitudes
Term
Lewin's Change Model
Definition

Unfreezing: create motivation to change

-benchmark ( a company compares performance with that of higher performing organization)

Change: Movement to the new state

-decrease restraining forces that hinder movement from present state

Refreeze: make new behavior permanent and resist further change

 

Term
Kotter's Change Model
Definition

-Establish sense of urgency

-Establish coalition wiht enough power to guide the change

- Develop a vision and strategy

-Communicate the vision and strategy (leaders must be model)

-Empower employees throughout the organization to act on the vision

-Generate short term wins

-Build on short term wins to consolidate improvements

-Insitutionalize the new approaches in the organization culture

Term

Overcoming

Resistance to Change

Definition

- Employee participation

- Managers keep in mind:

         - organization must be ready to change

           - be honest, open and encourage discussion of change

           - employees perception/interprations affect resistance

-Mangers should:

   -Provide as much info about change as possible to employees

    - inform employees of reasons for change, address questions

Term
Continuous Change
Definition

Deals with planned change from the top management perspective

  • identifies the need for change
  • begins the problem solving/decision making process
  • transformational mangers define goals for future
  • alternatives/solutions
Term

Continous Change

Steps

Definition

-Identify a change agent

   -can be from inside the organization

-Power source

    -internal agent(position of organization)

    -external agent (history/reputation of organization)

-Understanding change agents leadership

    - Implete lewin's change model

- During evaluation and control

     - access if changes are having effects(modify if necc)

-Transitional Management (systematically planning)

 

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