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Oral Pathology
Abnormalities of Teeth
90
Pathology
Graduate
01/07/2010

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Cards

Term
What is enamel hypoplasia?
Definition
Incomplete or defective formation of the organic enamel matrix of teeth
Term
What are the environmental causes of enamel hypoplasia?
Definition
  • Turner's tooth
  • Exanthematous diseases in first 2 years of life
  • Antineoplastic therapy
  • Nutritional deficiency
  • Congenital syphilis
  • Hypocalcemia
  • Ingestion of chemicals chiefly fluoride
Term
What is turner's tooth?
Definition
Trauma or infection of a primary tooth over an unerupted permanent tooth
Term
Congenital syphilis causes malformed teeth. What are they?
Definition
Screwdriver shaped hutchinson's incisors and mulberry molars
Term
Which teeth are usually involved if enamel hypoplasia occurs the first 2 years of life?
Definition
Anteriors and first molars
Term
The cuspids, bicuspids and second molars are involved if enamel hypoplasia occurs at what age?
Definition
4 to 5 years old
Term
What are other clinical features of enamel hypoplasia?
Definition
  • Numerous parallel vertical wrinkles or grooves
  • May or may not show discoloration
  • Enamel hypocalcification
Term
When do the crown of deciduous and permanent teeth develop?
Definition
14 weeks to 1 year and 6 months to 5 years respectively
Term
What is enamel hypocalcification?
Definition
Diffuse or demarcated white opacities due to defective mineralization of the formed matrix
Term
Enamel hypocalcification causes enamel to stain what color?
Definition
Brown
Term
What are other clinical features of enamel hypocalcification?
Definition
  • Stains tend to increase with age
  • Soft enamel abrades easily
  • Not caries susceptible
  • Low mineral content but high organic content

 

Term
What is dental fluorosis?
Definition
  • Mottling and hypoplasia
  • Increased surface and subsurface porosity
Term
What causes dental fluorosis?
Definition
Ingestion of excess fluoride during tooth development
Term
When is dental fluorosis most critical?
Definition
Second and third years of life
Term
What is the ideal concentration of fluoride for caries reduction?
Definition
0.6 to 1 ppm
Term
Chalky white mottling and enamel hypocalcification first occur at what concentration of fluoride?
Definition
1 to 1.8 ppm
Term
Enamel may wear or fracture easily at what concentration of fluoride?
Definition
Severe enamel pigmentation also occurs at > 5 ppm
Term
What is attrition?
Definition
Physiologic wearing away of tooth structure as a result of tooth to tooth contact
Term
What is abrasion?
Definition
Pathologic wearing away of tooth structure by abnormal mechanical processes
Term
What causes abrasion?
Definition
  • Exposed root surfaces most susceptible to toothbrush abrasion
  • Incisal abrasions may occur as result of oral habits
Term
What do abrasions look like?
Definition
  • Usually sharply defined
  • V shaped or notched
Term
What is abfraction?
Definition
  • Wedge shaped defect at the cervical area of tooth
  • Closely resembles abrasion
Term
Abfraction usually affects which teeth?
Definition
Facial side of bicuspids and molars
Term
What are other clinical features of abfraction?
Definition
  • Defects are deep and narrow
  • May be subgingival
  • More common in cases of bruxism
Term
What is erosion?
Definition
Loss of tooth structure by a non bacterial chemical action
Term
What causes non carious dental erosion?
Definition
  • Dietary
  • Medicinal
  • Regurgitational
  • Occupational
Term
What is perimolysis?
Definition
Erosion secondary to gastric secretions
Term
What are examples of medicinal causes of erosion?
Definition
  • HCl replacement
  • Iron tonic (Geritol)
  • Vitamin C especially chewables
  • Aspirin
Term
What is resorption?
Definition
Removal of tooth (usually root) structure by physiologic processes of adjacent tissue
Term
What causes internal resorption?
Definition
Pulpal injury such as physical trauma or caries related pulpitis
Term
What causes external resorption?
Definition
Associated with cells in the periodontal ligament
Term
What are clinical features of internal resorption?
Definition
  • Uncommon
  • Uniform well circumscribed radiolucency in pulp chamber or canal
  • May progress to the periodontal ligament
Term
Internal resorption causes crown to display a pink discoloration. What is it called?
Definition
"Pink tooth of mummery"
Term
External resorption affects what percentage of all teeth?
Definition
85 percent
Term
Where does external resorption occur?
Definition
  • Cervical
  • Midroot
  • Apex
  • Impacted teeth
Term
External resorption may appear as what?
Definition
"Moth eaten"
Term
What factors are associated with external resorption?
Definition
  • Tooth eruption
  • Reimplantation of teeth
  • Excessive mechanical or occlusal force
  • Impaction of teeth
  • Idiopathic

 

Term
What are the pathologic lesions associated with external resorption?
Definition
  • Inflammation
  • Infection
  • Tumors or cysts
  • Systemic bone disease
Term
How do you treat external resorption?
Definition
  • Flap surgery and alloy patch
  • Or extraction
Term
How do you treat internal resorption?
Definition
  • Root canal therapy
  • Or extraction
Term
What is pulp calcification and stones?
Definition
Calcified tissue formed within pulp tissue
Term
What do erosions look like?
Definition
  • Smoothly rounded scooped out depressions
  • Edges may be ill defined
Term
What are true denticles?
Definition
Small localized masses of calcified tissue resembling dentinal tubules
Term
What are other clinical features of true denticles?
Definition
  • Looks more like secondary than primary dentin
  • More common in pulp chamber than root area
Term
What are "free" true denticles?
Definition
Does not appear to be attached to dentinal wall
Term
What are "attached" true denticles?
Definition
  • An extension of dentinal wall
  • More common type seen
Term
What are false denticles?
Definition
Localized masses of calcified tissue with NO dentinal tubules
Term
What is another name for false denticles?
Definition
Dystrophic calcification
Term
What are other clinical features of false denticles?
Definition
  • Often lamellar pattern (concentric rings) around central nidus
  • May be large enough to fill pulp chamber
Term
What are other clinical features of pulp calcification and stones?
Definition
  • Incidence increases with age
  • Probably do not cause pain
  • May cause mechanical interference during root canal therapy
Term
What are cementicles?
Definition
  • Small foci of calcified tissue in periodontal ligament
  • May or may not be formed of true cementum
Term
Most cementicles are what type of calcification?
Definition
Dystrophic
Term
Cementicles are most commonly formed by what?
Definition
Calcification of epithelial rests
Term
What are extrinsic stains?
Definition
Stain formed on outside (surface) of tooth
Term
Source of extrinsic stains include what?
Definition
  • Bacterial stains
  • Tobacco
  • Tea
  • Coffee use
  • Restorative stains
Term
What are examples of restorative stains?
Definition
  • Amalgam
  • Gingival hemorrhage
  • Medication
  • Stannous fluoride
  • Chlorhexidine
Term
Most extrinsic stains are easily removed by what?
Definition
Scaling and/or coronal polishing
Term
What is tobacco stain?
Definition
Common extrinsic stain of dental biofilm
Term
What are other clinical features of tobacco stain?
Definition
  • Light brown to black
  • May penetrate into areas of exposed dentin or cementum
  • May be difficult to remove
Term
Tobacco stain forms what?
Definition
Tar and products of combustion
Term
Where is tobacco stain is located?
Definition
  • Lingual cervical one third of tooth
  • Also pits and fissures
Term
What is yellow stain?
Definition
Yellowish dull discoloration of dental biofilm
Term
Yellow stain is common at what age?
Definition
All ages
Term
What causes yellow stain?
Definition
Usually food pigments
Term
Where is black stain located?
Definition
  • Both facial and lingual surface
  • Rarely on maxillary anterior teeth
Term
Black stain follows contour of gingival crest. What is it called?
Definition
"Mesenteric line"
Term
Black stain occurs at what age?
Definition
  • All ages
  • More in childhood
Term
Black stain is more common in which sex?
Definition
Females
Term
What are other clinical features of black stain?
Definition
  • Highly retentive
  • Often found in clean mouth
  • Tends to recur
Term
What type of microorganisms are usually found in black stain?
Definition
Gram positive rods or other bacteria
Term
What is green stain?
Definition
Thick "furry" deposit
Term
Where does green stain occur?
Definition
  • Cervical one third
  • Facial surfaces of maxillary incisors
Term
Green stain affects what age group?
Definition
Young children
Term
What causes green stain?
Definition
  • Pigmentation of enamel cuticle or nasmyth's membrane
  • Chromogenic bacteria or fungus
  • Bacterial enzymes or blood pigments
Term
What may be associated with green stain?
Definition
Decalcification of underlying enamel
Term
What are clinical features of betel leaf stain?
Definition
  • Dark mahogany brown almost black
  • Thick and hard
  • May have rough surface
Term
What is orange stain?
Definition
  • Uncommon light thin deposit
  • To brick red
Term
Where does orange stain occur?
Definition
  • Facial and lingual surfaces of incisors
  • Usually gingival
Term
What might cause orange stain?
Definition
Chromogenic bacteria
Term
What causes black metallic stains?
Definition
Silver and iron
Term
What causes green metallic stains?
Definition
Copper and brass
Term
What are other clinical features of metallic stains?
Definition
  • Enamel stains polish off
  • But stained cementum or dentin may require bleaching
Term
What causes intrinsic stains?
Definition
Pigment deposition inside tooth during tooth development
Term
What are examples of intrinsic stains?
Definition
  • Non vital teeth
  • Aging
  • Erythroblastosis fetalis
  • Biliary atresia
  • Congenital porphyria
  • Tetracycline
Term
What color are nonvital teeth?
Definition
  • Gray or gray brown
  • Due to breakdown of blood pigments
Term
Erythroblastosis fetalis causes teeth to stain what color?
Definition
Green, brown or bluish
Term
Erythroblastosis fetalis may be associated with what other tooth abnormality?
Definition
Enamel hypoplasia
Term
Biliary atresia causes what intrinsic stain?
Definition
Green primary teeth
Term
What are clinical features of congenital porphyria?
Definition
  • Red to brown primary or permanent teeth
  • May not always be present
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