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Details Title Oral Histology Midterm Description General Embryology Total Cards 148 Subject Histology Created 11/11/2011

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Term Growth	Definition an increase in size or number of cells in the whole or any part of the organism examples - muscle tissue growth, fat tissue growth, bone growth
Term Proliferation	Definition an increase in the number of cells the result of division
Term Differentiation	Definition the process of achieving a different a stable different phenotype
Term cytodifferentiation	Definition complex process by which a cell or cell line attains and expresses a stable phenotype
Term Commitment	Definition the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells
Term Committed (determined) cell	Definition cell develops along a certain pathway and is not susceptible to other influences
Term True or false cytodifferentiation usually occurs over the course of several generations with cells expressing intermediate phenotypes	Definition true
Term ____ is the capacity within a cell that is not yet recognized. ______ leads to the loss of this.	Definition potentiality differentiation
Term Bone marrow cells are an example of _____. This is the capacity to differentiate along a _____ of lines.	Definition pluripotent variety
Term Totipotent	Definition the capacity to reproduce and differentiate into an entire multicellular organism. example = stem cells
Term ______ is the ability to differentiate along a certain line.	Definition Competence
Term BMC's can differentiate into osteoblasts or chondrocytes but not into ______. What does this demonstrate?	Definition endothelial cells competence
Term What is modulation? What type of cell is an example?	Definition the process by which a cell becomes reversibly different in physical form. the cells are able to revert to their previous form. in the maturation stage, ameloblasts are modulating cells.
Term ____ genes are actively transcribed.	Definition expressed
Term limb development, tooth development, tooth development, brain development and facial morphogenesis are all examples of _____ control.	Definition polygenic
Term ____ _____ is an aspect of embryogenesis that require multiple sequential gene function	Definition polygenic control
Term a chemical or physical factor that causes cell or tissue differentiation is _____.	Definition induction
Term morphogenesis	Definition a change in shape or location of an organ or a tissue
Term true or false morphodifferentiation is a change in shape or location of an organ or tissue?	Definition false morphodifferentiation is a change in shape of a developing organ due to morphogenetic movements or differential growth.
Term What is the change in location of cells during development and what are some examples?	Definition morphogenetic movements ex - gastrulation, neurulation, neural crest migration
Term Patterning is the establishment of a ____ subset of cells in proper relation to each other and to ______ tissues. What are examples?	Definition programmed surrounding ex - shaping of bones and muscles on limbs, positioning of specific tooth types
Term Patterning involves a number of _____ sites spatially and temporary localized.	Definition induction
Term _____ _________ abnormalities resulting from errors arising during development. Examples are ____ ____ __ _____ and _____.	Definition congenital malformations cleft lip and palate oligodontia
Term What are the causes of congenital malformations?	Definition genetic/chromosomal environmental
Term ___ - ___% of newborns have congenital malformations and __ - ____% have congenital malformations by age 5.	Definition 2-3 4-5
Term in ___ - ___% of all birth defects the cause is unknown. 10-15% of birth defects are _____/______. 10% of birth defects are _____. ___-___% of birth defects are multifactorial.	Definition 40-60 genetic/chromosomal environmental 20-25
Term ____ is the science that studies the causes of abnormal development.	Definition teratology
Term "teratos"	Definition monster
Term What is the number one cause of infant mortality?	Definition birth defects
Term what are 4 types of anomalies?	Definition malformations disruptions deformations syndromes
Term when do malformations occur? there can be ____ or ____ absence. there are alterations to normal _____.	Definition during formation of structures complete partial configuration
Term _____ are morphological alterations of structures after formation. They are due to _____ processes.	Definition Disruptions destructive
Term Deformations are ____ forces that mold a part of _____ over a prolonged period of time.	Definition mechanical fetus
Term True or false Clubfeet is a deformation and is caused from the compression in the amniotic cavity.	Definition true
Term Deformations often involve the _____ system and may be reversible _____.	Definition musculoskeletal postnatally
Term ______ are groups of anomalies occurring together with a specific common _____.	Definition syndromes
Term Diagnosis is made and risk _____ is known for syndromes.	Definition recurrence
Term LIst environmental factors	Definition infectious agents radiation chemical agents hormones maternal disease nutritional deficiencies hypoxia
Term Name four preventions of birth defects.	Definition good prenatal care iodine supplementation folate/folic acid supplementation avoidance of alcohol and other drugs
Term What does iodine supplementation do?	Definition eliminates mental retardation and bone deformities. it prevents cretinism.
Term What decreases the incidence of neural tube defects?	Definition folate/folic acid supplementation
Term What are some chromosomal and genetic factors?	Definition numerical abnormalities structural abnormalities mutant genes
Term What are the numerical abnormalities?	Definition trisomy 21 - down syndrome trisomy 18 trisomy 13 klinefelter syndrome turner syndrome triple x syndrome
Term _________ abnormalities may be numerical or structural. They are important causes of ______ malformations and spontaneous ______.	Definition chromosomal congenital abortions
Term It is estimated that ____% of all conceptions end in _____ ______ and ____% of these have chromosomal abnormalities.	Definition 50 spontaneous abortions 50
Term What are the three most common chromosome abnormalities in fetuses?	Definition turner syndrome (45,X) triploidy trisomy 16
Term Normal gametes are ____. n = ____	Definition haploid 23
Term normal human somatic cell contains ___ chromosomes; ____ 2n=46	Definition 46 diploid
Term Exact multiple of n is ____.	Definition Euploid
Term Any chromosome # that is noneuploid is ___.	Definition aneuploid
Term Aneuploid is caused by ___ ____ or ___ ____.	Definition additional chromosome missing chromosome
Term The most common cause of numerical abnormalities is _____ during ____ or ____.	Definition nondisjunction mitosis meiosis
Term The risk of meiotic nondisjunction ____ with ____ maternal age.	Definition increases increased
Term Down syndrome occurs when there is an extra copy of ____ ___.	Definition chromosome 21
Term People with down syndrome have ____ ____, varying degrees of ___ ____ and ____ ___.	Definition growth retardation mental retardation craniofacial abnormalities
Term Craniofacial abnormalities of down syndrome include upward ___ slanting, ____ folds, flattened ____, small ___, ____ defects and ____.	Definition eye epicanthal faces ears cardiac hyptonia
Term Down syndrome occurs most of the time due to ____ ____. The risk increases in women over the age of ___. ( 1:000 --> 1: ___)	Definition meiotic nondisjunction 35 400
Term ____ _____ is found in women with unmistakably female appearance.	Definition turner syndrome
Term Women with turner syndrome have an absence of ____ (____ ____), short ____, ____ neck, _____ of the extremities, ____ deformities, broad ___ with widely spaced nipples, and usually (___,X) missing one ___ chromosome.	Definition ovaries gonadal dysgenesis statue webbed lymphedema skeletal chest 45 X
Term Patients with triple X are ___, have ___ ____ and have some degree of ___ ____.	Definition infertile scanty menses mental retardation
Term ____ abnormalities may include one or more chromosomes	Definition structural
Term Structural abnormalities usually result from chromosome ____. (____ ____ may be lost)	Definition breakage broken piece
Term __-___-___ (____ of the ___) is the partial deletion of chromosome 5.	Definition cri-du-chat cry of the cat
Term Cri-du-chat results in ____, ___ ___, and ___ ___ ___.	Definition microcephaly mental retardation cardia heart disease
Term Many relatively rare syndromes result from ____ ____ loss.	Definition partial chromosome
Term ___ ___ are regions of chromosomes that demonstrate a propensity to separate or break under certain conditions.	Definition fragile sites
Term ___ __ syndrome results in mental retardation, large ears, prominent jaw, and pale blue irides.	Definition Fragile X
Term True or false Males are less likely to have Fragile X syndrome?	Definition False Male 4/2000 vs female 1/4000
Term What syndrome is second to down syndrome as a cause of chromosomally derived mental retardation?	Definition Fragile X syndrome
Term Inherited congenital malformations are from ___ ___.	Definition mutant genes
Term In many cases, abnormality is attributed to a change in the structure or function of a single gene, " ___ ___ __".	Definition single gene mutation
Term Single gene mutations make up about ___% of all human malformations.	Definition 8
Term At 3 weeks, the new common sites of action of teratogen are ___ and ___.	Definition heart CNS
Term At 4-5 weeks the new common sites of action of teratogen are ___, ___, and ___.	Definition eye heart limbs
Term At 6 weeks the new common sites of action of teratogen are ___ and ___.	Definition ear teeth
Term At 7 weeks, the new common site of action of teratogen is ___.	Definition palate
Term At 8 weeks, the new common sites of action of teratogen are ___, ___ ___ and ___.	Definition palate external genitalia ear
Term At 9 weeks, the new common site of action of teratogen is the ___.	Definition brain
Term The site of primordial germ cell origin in the wall of the ___ ___ in a __-week-old embyro.	Definition yolk sac 3
Term The migratory path of the primordial germ cells go along the wall of the __ __ and dorsal mesentery into the developing __ ___.	Definition yolk sac genital ridges
Term Sperm development goes from ____ -> ____-> ____-> ___ ->___.	Definition spermatogonium primary spermatocyte secondary spermatocyte spermatids spermatozoa
Term Meiosis I in males produces ___ ___.	Definition secondary spermatocytes
Term Meiosis II in males produces ___.	Definition spermatids
Term order of oogenesis	Definition oogonium primary oocyte secondary oocyte and first polar body ootid and second polar bodies ovum
Term male spermatogonia sit dormant until ___.	Definition puberty
Term spermatids go through ___ and ___ to become sperm.	Definition differentiation maturation
Term the end product of oogenesis results in one __ and three ___ ___.	Definition ovum polar bodies
Term The ____ is the immature ovum and its proliferates by ___.	Definition oogonium mitosis
Term The ___ is an immature ovum at the meiosis stage. It resides in the __ __.	Definition oocyte ovarian follicles
Term ____ ___ is the oocyte is the 1st meiosis phase. it gets ___ in prophase I until just hours before ovulation.	Definition primary oocyte arrested
Term The ___ ___ is the oocyte after the first meiotic division.	Definition secondary oocyte
Term ___ ___ is a cell product of meiotic division that does not become an ovum.	Definition polar body
Term ____ regulation is when a growth factor produced by one cell that acts on another cell.	Definition paracrine
Term homeobox genes contain a similar region of ____ nucleotide base pairs and function by producing ___ ___.	Definition 180 transcription factors
Term Homeobox genes act in concert with other groups of regulatory molecules such as ___ ___ and ___ ___.	Definition growth factors retinoic acids
Term ___ ___ are polypeptides. In order to have an effect, cells must express __-___ ___.	Definition growth factors cell-surface receptors
Term growth factor is an ___ ___.	Definition inductive agent
Term ___ regulation is when a cell recaptures its own product.	Definition autocrine
Term cells express combinations of cell-surface receptors that require ____ capture of different growth factors.	Definition simultaneous
Term retinoic acids ____ enter cells to form a complex with intracellular receptors.	Definition freely
Term growth factors regulate homeobox genes which in turn regulate __ ___.	Definition growth factors this is an example of a regulatory loop
Term the majority of follicles in a mature ovary are ____ follicles, only a few of them develop further.	Definition primordial
Term a primordial follicle contains an ___, ____ cell and ____ cell.	Definition oocyte follicular stromal
Term the development of ovarian follicle is...	Definition primordial unilaminar multilaminar antral tertiary mature graaffian
Term the mature follicle contains a ___ ____. Meiosis I occurs upon _____. The final meiotic division occurs at the time of _____ prior to nuclear fusion in the ___.	Definition primary oocyte ovulation fertilization oviduct
Term During phase A of germ cells - the primordial germ cells __, ___, and becomes sheathed with ____ ___ during the ___-___ weeks.	Definition proliferate grow epithelial cells 6-8
Term During Phase B of germ cells - cellular ___ of the oogonia are formed during the ___-___ weeks. This is the spurt of growth.	Definition clones 9-22
Term Phase C of germ cells is when oogonia become ______ ____. they enter ___ of meiosis I during the __-___ weeks.	Definition primary oocytes prophase 12-25
Term Phase D of germ cells becomes ___ in prophase I. ___ ___ are formed during the ___-___ week.	Definition arrested primordial follicles 16-29
Term During Phase E of germ cells, there is a decline in the number of __ ___ and there is ___ in all of the follicle stages during week ___.	Definition germ cells atresia 14
Term _____ is the hormonally regulated rupture of the Graaffian Follicle and release of a mature ovum.	Definition ovulation
Term Fertilization usually occurs in the ____ of the ___. if fertilization is delayed and occurs nearer, then uterus _____ may not occur or will occur nearer the cervix.	Definition ampulla oviduct implantation
Term another term for oviduct	Definition uterine tube
Term the ___ of the ampulla are near or cover the surface of the ovary.	Definition fimbriae
Term what draws the oocyte to the oviduct?	Definition rhythmic contractions and the beat of cilia
Term ____-____ contractions of the muscular wall aid in the transport of the oocytes towards the uterus.	Definition peristaltic like
Term The epithelium of the uterine tube consists of ___ cells and ____/____ cells.	Definition ciliated peg/secretory
Term cilia beat more strongly under the influence of ___.	Definition estrogen
Term ____ favors the development of secretory cells.	Definition progesterone
Term sperm reach the oviduct within __-__ minutes and can remain viable for __ hours.	Definition 15-20 72
Term the acrosomal reaction is needed to penetrate the ___ ____.	Definition zona pellucida
Term penetration of the corona is believed to be by the _____ activity of the sperm	Definition physical
Term what are the steps of fertilization?	Definition 1. contact 2. acrosomal reaction (hydrolytic enzymes) 3. growth of acrosomal process 4. fusion of plasma membranes 5. inside perivitelline space - entry of sperm nucleus 6. cortical reaction
Term what is the cortical reaction?	Definition when sperm cells unites with egg's plasma membrane. enzymes of the cortical granules digest sperm receptor proteins so they can no longer bind sperm. prevents polyspermy.
Term Perimplantation is the period of the ovum __-__ days where there is rapid cell ___ and transport to the ___.	Definition 2-8 division uterus
Term The ___ period involves implantation and formation of 3 embyronic layers (days 8-20)	Definition presomite
Term The ___ period is the patterning of systems and formation of the neural tube (21-31)	Definition somite
Term the __ ___ period is when there is rapid growth, differentiation and formation of major systems. (days 32-56)	Definition post somite
Term The embryonic period is from 2-8 weeks and can be broken up into...	Definition presomite period somite period and post somite period
Term what are the series of rapid cleavages.	Definition oocyte zygote 2 cell 4 cell 8 cells morula blastocyst
Term the fluid filled cavity (at about 4 days of age) that appears between the cells of the embryo is the beginning of the ____ ___.	Definition blastocystic cavity
Term the ___ ___ prevents the embryo from sticking. the fully developed blastula will ___ out of the outer shell and this usually occurs in the upper ____. the hatched ___ is sticky and will implant on any mucosal surface.	Definition zona pellucida hatch uterus conceptus
Term the conceptus includes both ___ and _____ structures.	Definition embryonic extraembryonic -- placenta, amnion, chorion, yolk sac
Term implantation is the process of ___ and ___ of embryo into the uterus wall.	Definition attachment burrowing
Term what are the 3 layers of the uterus?	Definition endometrium myometrium perimetrium
Term the ___ layer of the uterus is a mucous membrane consists of an inner epithelial layer with a ___ ___. the ___layer of reserve cells is called ___. the ____ layer is lost with each cycle.	Definition endometrium lamina propria basal basalis functional
Term during the progestational stage, the uterine wall is ___ and well ___.	Definition thick vascularized
Term the inner mass cell (embryoblast) forms the ___ proper.	Definition embryo
Term outer cell mass (_____) forms ___ and ____ membranes.	Definition trophoblast placenta extraembryonic
Term the blastocystic cavity (____) will ___ not ____ the primary umbilical vesicle.	Definition blastocoele house form
Term cells of the ___ invade the endometrium	Definition trophoblast
Term a ___ is formed by fusion of cells from the cytotrophoblast.	Definition syncytium
Term during implantation, the inner cell mass reorganizes to form the ___, ___ and ___ ___.	Definition hypoblast epiblast amniotic cavity
Term the trophoblast is differentiated into the ___ and ___. the cytotrophoblast gives rise to the __.	Definition syncytiotrophoblast cytotrophoblast syncytiotrophoblast
Term the ___ forms the ectoderm of the embyro	Definition epiblast
Term the hypoblast forms the __ ___. it outlines the ___ cavity or the ___ __.	Definition primitive endoderm exocoelomic umbilical vesicle
Term by day __ the conceptus is almost fully implanted. ___ are forming and the ___ space is apparent.	Definition 12 lacunae exocoelomic
Term ___ pregnancies occur when implantation happens outside the lining of the uterus.	Definition ectopic

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