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Details Title Only Chapter 12 Description Integration of Nervous System Functions Total Cards 121 Subject Anatomy Created 07/09/2011

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Term perceive stimuli	Definition sense is the ability to do what?
Term environment, body	Definition senses are the means by which the brain receive information about the _____ and the _____
Term general, special	Definition two basic groups of senses are the ____ senses and the ____ senses
Term smell, taste, sight, hearing, balance	Definition five special senses are?
Term somatic, visceral	Definition general senses include ____ senses such as touch, pressure and proprioception, and _____ senses such as pain and pressure
Term special, general, somatic	Definition smell is a ____ sense, while touch is a ____ sense
Term skin, muscle, joints, internal organs	Definition somatic general senses are located in ____, ____, and ____, while visceral general senses are located in _____ ____
Term general, special	Definition receptors for ____ senses are distributed over a large part of the body, whereas receptros for _____ senses are localized within specific organs
Term nerve endings, specialized cells	Definition sensory receptors are sensory _____ ____, or _____ cells capable of responding to stimuli by developing APs
Term mechanoreceptors	Definition sensory receptor that responds to mechanical stimuli (compression, bending or stretching of receptors)
Term mechanoreceptors	Definition the type of sensory receptor that responds to compression, bending or stretching
Term chemoreceptors	Definition the type of sensory receptor that responds to odor molecules
Term photoreceptors, thermoreceptors	Definition _____ are receptors tha respond to light, and _____ respond to temperature
Term nociceptors	Definition pain receptors are called _______
Term sensory receptors	Definition sensory nerve endings or specialized cells capable of responding to stimuli by developing APs
Term free nerve endings	Definition the simplest and most common type of sensory receptor, that detects pain, temperature and movement
Term merkel, follicle, meisner , ruffini end, pacini	Definition touch receptors includ ____ disks, hair ____ receptors, ___ corpuscles, ____ ____ organs and _____ corpuscles
Term proprioceptors	Definition sensory receptors that sense body position and movements are called ?
Term merkel disks, hair follicle, meisner	Definition three touch receptors that respond to more or less light touch
Term ruffini end organs, pacini corpuscles	Definition two types of touch recepptors that sense continuous touch or deep pressure
Term pacini corpuscles	Definition these touch receptors detect deep pressure in dermis and subcu layers, and serve a proprioceptive functions
Term ruffini end organ	Definition this type of touch receptor detects continuous touch or pressure and is located in the dermis
Term pathways/tracts	Definition this differentiates perception because each is associated with specific types of receptors
Term anterolateral	Definition the major function of this system of tracts is to convey cutaneous sensory information to the brain
Term spinothalamic, spinoreticular	Definition these two tracts in the anterolateral system of sensory tracts ascend to the thalamus
Term spinomesencephalic	Definition this tract in the anterolateral system ascends to the midbrain
Term spinothalamic, spinoreticular, spinomesencephalic	Definition three types of tracts in the anterolateral system of sensory tracts
Term white	Definition tracts are made of _____ matter
Term spinoreticular, spinomesencephalic	Definition these two anterolateral system sensory tracts are unconscious
Term anterolateral, dorsal column/medial lemniscal system, trigeminothalamic, spinocerebellar	Definition four types of tracts in ascending sensory system
Term dorsal, lemniscal	Definition the ____ column/medial ____ system of ascending neural pathways carries sensations of two-point discrimination, proprioception, pressure and vibration
Term 2-point discrimination, proprioception, pressure, vibration	Definition the dorsal column/medial lemniscal system of sensory tracts are responsible for what four things?
Term trigeminothalamic	Definition this sensory tract carries sensory information from the face, nose and mouth
Term somatic, visceral, general	Definition ___ senses are located in skin, muscle and joints, while ____ senses are located in internal organs. These are both ____ senses.
Term touch, pressure, temperature, pain, proprioception	Definition five general somatic senses
Term pain, pressure	Definition two visceral senses
Term smell taste, sight, hearing, balance	Definition five special senses
Term face, nose, mouth	Definition trigeminothalamic tracts carry sensory information from the ____, ____ and _____
Term proprioception	Definition spinocerebellar tracts are responsible for what?
Term cutaneous	Definition the anterolateral system conveys _____ sensory information to the brain
Term pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tickle, itch	Definition the spinothalamic tracts carry what six sensations to the brain?
Term spinoreticular	Definition this type of sensory tract is responsible for unconscious pain
Term spinomesencephalic	Definition this type of unconscious anterolateral sensory tract is responsible for unconscious pain and touch
Term three, two	Definition ascending tracts always have ____ neurons, and descending tracts always have ___ neurons
Term primary neuron, interneurons, secondary, crosses, thalamus, tertiary	Definition in the spinothalamic tract of the anterolateral system, the ____ ____ enters the spinal cord, synapses with ____, synapses with the ____ neuron, ____ the spinal cord, ascends to the _____ and synapses with the _____ neuron
Term ,	Definition
Term postcentral	Definition all sensory tracts end in the _____ gyrus
Term cerebral	Definition the somatic sensory cortex is part of the ______ cortex
Term proprioception	Definition what sense does the anterolateral system NOT convey?
Term trigeminothalamic, spinocerebellar	Definition the two unconscious ascending pathways are the _______ and the _________
Term precentral, postcentral	Definition the ____ gyrus processes motor function, while the ______ gyrus processes sensory information
Term central sulcus	Definition the precentral and postcentral gyri are separated by the ____- _____
Term nuclei, anterior	Definition lower motor neurons are found in the cranial ____ or the ____ horn of the spinal cord gray matter
Term cerebral, brainstem, cerebellum	Definition upper motor neurons are located in the ______ cortex, the ____ and the ______
Term upper motor neurons	Definition ____ ___ ___ form tracts that directly or indirectly control the activities of lower motor neurons
Term descending	Definition there are always two neurons in ______ pathways in the spinal cord
Term upper, lower	Definition ____ motor neurons are located in the cerebral cortex, brainstem and cerebellum, while _____ motor neurons are found in the cranial nuclei or the anterior horn of the spinal cord gray matter
Term motor function	Definition the premotor and prefronal areas are staging areas for ____ _____
Term direct	Definition ___ motor pathways/tracts always arise from the cerebral cortex
Term upper, lower	Definition ___ motor neurons extend to ___ motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord
Term corticospinal	Definition the ____ tract controls muscle movements below the head
Term cerebral cortex, spine	Definition the corticospinal motor tract goes from the ___ ____ through the _____
Term distal, fine motor	Definition the corticospinal tract controls muscles, below the head, especially the ___ limbs and the ___ -___ control
Term corticospinal	Definition the ___ motor pathway makes fine motor control of the wrists and fingers possible
Term corticobulbar	Definition the _____ tracts innervate the head muscles, except for the muscles moving the eyes
Term corticobulbar	Definition if someone's lips were parylized but they could still move their eyes, what tract do you think would be damaged?
Term cerebral cortex, cerebellum	Definition indirect motor tracts/pathways arist from what two areas of the brain?
Term brainstem	Definition upper motor neurons in indirect pathways extend to _____ nuclei
Term indirect	Definition ____ motor pathways are involved in conscious and unconscious trunk and proximal limb muscle movements, posture, and balance
Term trunk, proximal	Definition indirect motor tracts are involved in conscious and unconscious ____ and ____ limb muscle movements, posture and balance
Term brainstem nuclei	Definition upper motor neurons extend to the _____ _____, whose axons extend to the lower motor neurons
Term direct corticospinal	Definition _____ _____ descending pathways control conscious skilled movements below the head, and direct ______ tract controls movements of the head and face
Term ipsilateral	Definition the cerebellum receives PROPRIOCEPTION input from the ipsilateral/contralateral body?
Term vestibulo-, spino-, cerebro-	Definition the three parts of the cerebellum are the ____-cerebellum, which controls balance and eye movement, _____-cerebellum, which corrects discrepancies between intended and actual movements, and ____-cerebellum, which can "learn" highly specific complex motor activities
Term cerebellum	Definition the region of the brain that is a MAJOR effector of fine motor skills
Term left, wernicke's area, broca's area	Definition speech is located only in the ____ cortex in most people. the ______ area comprehends and formulates speech, and the ____ area receives input from that and sends impulses for the muscle movements required for speech
Term comprehends and formulates	Definition the wernicke's area ______ and _____ speech, then sends info to broca's area
Term impulses, premotor, motor	Definition broca's area receives input from the wernicke's area and sends ______ to the _____ and _____ areas
Term hertz	Definition brain wave frequency on an EEG is expressed in ______
Term alpha	Definition ____ brain waves are regular, rhythmic and indicate an "idling" brain
Term beta	Definition ____ brain waves are rhythmic and more irregular, and occur during the awake and mentally alert state
Term theta	Definition ___ brain waves are common in children, but can occur in frustrated or brain damaged adults
Term delta	Definition high amplitude brain waves seen in deep sleep, infancy, and severe brain disorders
Term sensory	Definition the kind of memory that's less than a second and acts while something is scanned, evaluated and acted upon
Term seven or eight	Definition short term memory lasts a few seconds to a few minutes and is limited to ______ pieces of information
Term explicit, implicit	Definition retention of names and dates is an exmple of ___ long-term membory, while skills such as riding a bicycle or playing piano are ____ long-term memory
Term repetition, existing memories	Definition short-term memory can become long-term by _______ and association with ____ ______
Term perceive stimuli	Definition sense is the ability to do what?
Term environment, body	Definition senses are the means by which the brain receive information about the _____ and the _____
Term general, special	Definition two basic groups of senses are the ____ senses and the ____ senses
Term smell, taste, sight, hearing, balance	Definition five special senses are?
Term somatic, visceral	Definition general senses include ____ senses such as touch, pressure and proprioception, and _____ senses such as pain and pressure
Term special, general, somatic	Definition smell is a ____ sense, while touch is a ____ sense
Term skin, muscle, joints, internal organs	Definition somatic general senses are located in ____, ____, and ____, while visceral general senses are located in _____ ____
Term general, special	Definition receptors for ____ senses are distributed over a large part of the body, whereas receptros for _____ senses are localized within specific organs
Term nerve endings, specialized cells	Definition sensory receptors are sensory _____ ____, or _____ cells capable of responding to stimuli by developing APs
Term mechanoreceptors	Definition sensory receptor that responds to mechanical stimuli (compression, bending or stretching of receptors)
Term mechanoreceptors	Definition the type of sensory receptor that responds to compression, bending or stretching
Term chemoreceptors	Definition the type of sensory receptor that responds to odor molecules
Term photoreceptors, thermoreceptors	Definition _____ are receptors tha respond to light, and _____ respond to temperature
Term nociceptors	Definition pain receptors are called _______
Term sensory receptors	Definition sensory nerve endings or specialized cells capable of responding to stimuli by developing APs
Term free nerve endings	Definition the simplest and most common type of sensory receptor, that detects pain, temperature and movement
Term merkel, follicle, meisner , ruffini end, pacini	Definition touch receptors includ ____ disks, hair ____ receptors, ___ corpuscles, ____ ____ organs and _____ corpuscles
Term proprioceptors	Definition sensory receptors that sense body position and movements are called ?
Term merkel disks, hair follicle, meisner	Definition three touch receptors that respond to more or less light touch
Term ruffini end organs, pacini corpuscles	Definition two types of touch recepptors that sense continuous touch or deep pressure
Term pacini corpuscles	Definition these touch receptors detect deep pressure in dermis and subcu layers, and serve a proprioceptive functions
Term ruffini end organ	Definition this type of touch receptor detects continuous touch or pressure and is located in the dermis
Term pathways/tracts	Definition this differentiates perception because each is associated with specific types of receptors
Term anterolateral	Definition the major function of this system of tracts is to convey cutaneous sensory information to the brain
Term spinothalamic, spinoreticular	Definition these two tracts in the anterolateral system of sensory tracts ascend to the thalamus
Term spinomesencephalic	Definition this tract in the anterolateral system ascends to the midbrain
Term spinothalamic, spinoreticular, spinomesencephalic	Definition three types of tracts in the anterolateral system of sensory tracts
Term white	Definition tracts are made of _____ matter
Term spinoreticular, spinomesencephalic	Definition these two anterolateral system sensory tracts are unconscious
Term anterolateral, dorsal column/medial lemniscal system, trigeminothalamic, spinocerebellar	Definition four types of tracts in ascending sensory system
Term dorsal, lemniscal	Definition the ____ column/medial ____ system of ascending neural pathways carries sensations of two-point discrimination, proprioception, pressure and vibration
Term 2-point discrimination, proprioception, pressure, vibration	Definition the dorsal column/medial lemniscal system of sensory tracts are responsible for what four things?
Term trigeminothalamic	Definition this sensory tract carries sensory information from the face, nose and mouth
Term contralateral cerebral	Definition the cerebellum receives input from, and projects to, the ______ ______ motor cortex

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