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Oncology
Lecture 3 part 1
88
Pathology
Graduate
06/19/2014

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Term
What is cancer?
Definition
uncontrolled proliferation of cells and the spread of abnormal cells
Term
What is a neoplasm?
Definition
tumor
Term
What is a tumor>
Definition
abnormal growth of new tissue that is non-functional and may harm the individual
Term
Why can a tumor be harmful?
Definition
competes for blood supply and nutrients with normal, healthy cells
Term
WHat are primary tumors?
Definition
arise from the cells in which they are found
Term
What are secondary tumors?
Definition
tumor cells that have traveled from somewhere else in the body
Term
How do secondary cells transfer from the primary site?
Definition
via the blood stream or lymphatic vessels
Term
WHat is another name for secondary tumors?
Definition
metastatic cancer
Term
Both ______ and _____ spread of malignant neoplasm is possible to distant sites within the body
Definition
lymphatic, hematogeneous
Term
What is differentiation?
Definition
the development of generic stem cells into specific cells
Term
In the case of cancer, differentiation _______ occur, or occurs _______
Definition
does not, incompletely
Term
What results from cancer influencing differentiation?
Definition
unrecognizable, non-specific, non-functional cell
Term
If a cell is ______ differentiated, the worse the prognosis
Definition
less
Term
If a cell is ______ differentiated, the better the prognosis
Definition
more
Term
What is dysplasia?
Definition
disorganization and change in morphology (size and shape) of adult cells
Term
Dysplasia, if untreated, may lead to...
Definition
chronic irritation
Term
Chronic irritation caused by dysplasia may lead to
Definition
cancer
Term
How is dysplasia treated?
Definition
removal of the irritant
Term
Reversal of dysplasia restores what?
Definition
normal size, shape, and orientation of the cell
Term
What is the first stage of dysplasia?
Definition
metaplasia
Term
THe transformation of one type of adult cell to another type of cell
Definition
metaplasia
Term
What is an example of metaplasia?
Definition
smoker's esophageal cells in person with Barrett's esophagus
Term
What is another example of metaplasia?
Definition
acid reflux damaging the esophogeal tract
Term
Chronic irritation leads to the exchange of normal epithelial cells to resilient sqeuamous epithelium
Definition
squamous metaplasia
Term
What is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue?
Definition
hyperplasia
Term
What structure is commonly affected by hyperplasia?
Definition
prostate
Term
Hyperplasia results in _______ tissue mass
Definition
increased
Term
Abnormal increase in tissue mass due to growth of a tumor
Definition
neoplastic hyperplasia
Term
What is considered precancerous and increases risk for malignancy
Definition
proliferative hyperplasia
Term
What is prostatic hyperplasia?
Definition
increased number of cells in prostate
Term
RIsk of cancer _____ with age
Definition
increases
Term
Carcinogenic exposure, decreased immune function, limited cell multiplication are theories associated with _____ and Cancer
Definition
age
Term
What is the danger associated with benign tumor?
Definition
compression of nearby structures
Term
What are examples of benign tumors?
Definition
coon polyps, skin tags
Term
SOL
Definition
space occupying lesion
Term
Malignant tumors can be _______ or _______
Definition
cancerous or precancerous
Term
what other danger is associated with malignant tumors?
Definition
starve nearby healthy cells of nutrients
Term
What is the 1st stage of metastasis?
Definition
attachment
Term
What is the 2nd stage of metastasis?
Definition
local breakdown
Term
What is the 3rd stage of metastasis?
Definition
locomotion
Term
What is the 4th stage of metastasis?
Definition
secondary tumor
Term
which tumor is well-defined?
Definition
benign
Term
which tumor has smooth boundaries
Definition
benign
Term
Which tumor grows only in diameter
Definition
benign
Term
Which tumor grows slowly and stops when it reaches a certain size
Definition
benign
Term
Which tumor grows rapidly
Definition
malignant
Term
Which tumor can be fatal
Definition
malignant
Term
Which tumor has irregular borders and often pushes against nearby tissues
Definition
malignant
Term
Which tumor has a chance to metastasize
Definition
malignant
Term
What is the TMN classification system
Definition
most common system for staging cancer
Term
TMN classificaiton system: T
Definition
size and extent of the invasion
Term
TMN classificaiton system: N
Definition
extent of lymph node involvement
Term
TMN classificaiton system: M
Definition
indicates whether distant metastases are present
Term
How are cancers graded
Definition
microscopic appearance of the neoplasm
Term
Etiology of cancer
Definition
genetic, environmental, familial
Term
Possible etiology of cancer
Definition
viral origin, drug use, prolonged alcohol abuse, hormonal influence
Term
What are the risk factors for cancer?
Definition
advanced age, lifestyle, geographic location, ethnicity, presence of pre-cancerous lesions, stress
Term
Local symptoms arise are ______ to involved area
Definition
specific
Term
Cancer may be too well-developed and metastasized by the time _______ symptoms appear
Definition
local
Term
Nauseau, vomiting and anorexia, pain, anemia, weakness, fever, immunocompromise, changes in vital signs
Definition
systemic effects
Term
WHen does metastasis generally occur?
Definition
3-5 years post-diagnosis
Term
Where are the most common secondary sites?
Definition
liver, lung, brain, bone
Term
Warning signs of disease that may be seen clinically and often indicate that the patient may not be appropriate for routine physical therapy
Definition
Stoddard's signs
Term
Stoddard's Warning Signs: 1
Definition
Backache with a history of cancer in the past 2 years
Term
Stoddard's Warning Signs: 2
Definition
ONset of back pain late in life without history of previous injury
Term
Stoddard's Warning Signs: 3
Definition
Serious loss of spinal function, shock, and vomiting following a trivial spinal injury
Term
Stoddard's Warning Signs: 4
Definition
Intense pain requiring narcotics for >48 hours
Term
Stoddard's Warning Signs: 5
Definition
Severe pain, deformity, and muscle spasm in areas other than the lumber and cervical spines
Term
Stoddard's Warning Signs: 6
Definition
Back pain with pyrexia, weight loss, malaise, and excessive weakness
Term
What is pyrexia
Definition
fever
Term
A widespread loss of power likely indicates a
Definition
neurologic disease process
Term
Loss of sphincter is never due to a _______- cause
Definition
mechanical
Term
Stoddard's Warning Signs: 7
Definition
Pain that is unchanged with a change in posture or movement
Term
A normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate _______ _______ entirely exclude a disease
Definition
does not
Term
If ptnt describes Stoddard's signs
Definition
Refer back to physician
Term
Impairments could arise as a result of
Definition
primary tumor, secondary tumor, treatment
Term
Treatment of impairments should take effect
Definition
as they arise
Term
Pain, loss of ROM, weakness, loss of endurance, balance, coordination
Definition
potential impairments
Term
PT's should not use heating modalities in patients undergoing
Definition
radiation therapy
Term
Heating modalities should not be used in patients undergoing radiation therapy, as it can ________ the effects of radiation
Definition
magnify
Term
Why should ultrasound and E-stim not be used in areas of tumors?
Definition
hyperaemia, metastases
Term
A patient should not exercise within __ hours of chemotherapy
Definition
2
Term
Why should a patient not exercise within 2 hours of chemotherapy
Definition
systemic vasodilation
Term
Major focus of prescriptive exercise and cancer patients
Definition
energy conservation, work simplification techniques, functional training
Term
Potential danger of exercise for cancer patients?
Definition
pathologic fracture
Term
How is exercise with lymphedema
Definition
muscular pumping inhibits progression
Term
What are other treatments for lymphedema
Definition
massage, compression garments, compression
Term
Main point of treatments for lymphedema
Definition
decrease volume in limbs
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