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OHE/Castration
JJC Vet Tech 212
80
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 2
09/23/2014

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Cards

Term
Incision location for a cat spay? Dog spay?
Definition
Cat: midway between umbilicus and pubis (more caudal)
Dog: 1/4 - 1/3 down from umbilicus (closer to umbilicus)
Term
Another term for laparotomy?
Definition
celiotomy
Term
Define laparotomy.
Definition
making an incision into the abdomen
Term
Types of incisions from spay packet:
Definition
-ventral midline
-paramedian
-flank
-paracostal
Term
What is the linea alba?
Definition
"white line;" fibrous tissue separating the abd. muscles, located below skin and SQ tissue in the muscle layer
Term
Why is it ideal to make a Sx incision on the linea alba?
Definition
no blood vessels or nerves
Term
Describe what happens in a spay Sx after the incision is made.
Definition
-locate uterus, may use spay hook
-pull out one uterine horn and ovary at a time
-tear suspensory and broad ligaments
-double ligate vessels
-cut distal to ligatures, place vessels back in abd. after watching for hemorrhage
-repeat for other uterine horn
-ligate cervix
-Sx site closed in layers
Term
What is the most painful part of a spay?
Definition
plucking the suspensory ligament
Term
Why is a spay possibly the most dangerous Sx a GP vet does?
Definition
ligation, vessels go straight to aorta
Term
What does the vet do with the uterine and ovarian vessels?
Definition
double ligate!!
Term
What layers of tissue are sutured after a spay?
Definition
Dogs: body wall, SQ, skin
Cats: body wall, skin (fatties: a few SQ)

*can do subcuticular instead of skin
Term
What is the three clamp technique?
Definition
-for spay
-2 clamps for vessels
-1 clamp on uterine side of ovary
Term
Ideally, when to spay a dog?
Definition
before first heat <6 mo (older for large/giant breeds)

-breast tumor chance <1%
Term
Chances of a dog getting breast tumors relative to time of spay / not spayed at all:
Definition
<6mo <1%
after 3rd heat >25%
not spayed 66% (2/3)
Term
Recommended time to breed a dog?
Definition
2 years / 3rd heat
Term
How to treat feline breast tumors?
Definition
spay, because they are estrogen-dependent
Term
How to treat canine breast tumors?
Definition
not estrogen-dependent, so may not need to spay; remove tumors
Term
Spay benefits:
Definition
-reduce chance of breast tumors
-no unwanted litters
-prevents ovarian cysts/tumors
-prevents estrus (spotting, roaming males, behavior)
-decrease STD
-increase life expectancy
-prevents pseudocyesis
-prevents pyometra
Term
How does a cat in estrus act?
Definition
-crying -tail end up -escaping
Term
Technical term for false pregnancy?
Definition
pseudocyesis
Term
What is TVT?
Definition
transmissible veneral tumor, basically genital warts (looks like baboon ass to me)
Term
What are some sexually transmitted diseases?
Definition
TVT
Brucellosis (Brucella canis = zoonotic)
Term
What does brucellosis cause?
Definition
sublumbar lymph node swellings, spondylosis, lowered fertility
Term
Hx of a pyometra patient?
Definition
-in heat 6wks ago
-enlarged abdomen, looks preggo
-PU/PD
-spotting or drainage, looks like in heat again
-less common in cats than dogs
Term
Define open vs closed pyo:
Definition
open: cervix open and allows drainage of purulent material

closed: cervix closed and prevents drainage of purulent material; uterus grows larger and will rupture if not Sx removed
Term
#1 Tx for pyometra?
Definition
Sx removal
Term
Describe Sx removal of pyometra:
Definition
-riskier than routine spay
-post-op recovery is longer
-post-op endotoxic or hypovolemic shock
-peritonitis risk
-the only sure cure!
Term
Describe non-Sx Tx of pyometra:
Definition
-Abx (can't penetrate uterus though)
-oxytocin injections (if open)
-successful recovery limited
-used to save uterus for breeding
-other hormone shots (prostaglandins)
Term
Disadvantages of Spay:
Definition
-weight gain??
-cost
-it's a Sx
-reduced vulva size (recessed vulva = urine scald)
-occasional urinary incontinence
-spayed in heat = poss. continued heat signs or false pregnancy
Term
How to treat female incontinence related to spay?
Definition
ppa or estrogen
Term
Spay Myths:
Definition
-breeding is good $$
-letting them have a litter calms them down
-children should see birth
Term
Anesthetic for C-section?
Definition
-can enter fetus, so avoid barbiturates
-Propofol + Iso or Sevo (metab. quickly)
Term
Why would a C-section be performed?
Definition
-non-productive delivery (dystocia)
-not expected to vaginally deliver (eg English Bull Dogs, mini or brachy breeds)
Term
Define dystocia:
Definition
difficulty giving birth
Term
Signs of dystocia:
Definition
-actively straining unproductively for 30 min
-resting w/o straining for over 4 hrs between deliveries
-intermittent weak contractions for >2 hrs
-maternal or fetal stress, illness or obvious difficulty delivering fetus (stuck halfway)
-bloody, malodorous vulvar discharge
Term
A bloody, malodorous vulvar discharge may indicate...
Definition
mummified fetus, infection
Term
Questions to ask breeders when they call during birth:
Definition
-first litter? or problems with previous?
-how long has last mated? due when?
-showing signs of stage I?
-see amnion or fetus at vulva? when?
-any straining? how long? any neonates? how long between neonates?
-condition of neonates?
-all placentas accounted for?
-vaginal discharge? color/consistency?
Term
Eating placenta can cause...
Definition
obstructions
Term
How to perform C-section:
Definition
-midline incision, 1 horn at a time
Term
What to do with neonate:
Definition
-rub baby til it whimpers
-cut cord 1 - 1.5" from body, tie with catgut or floss
-suck out snot with bulb syringe
-swing or not?
Term
Do you give pain meds to mom after C-section?
Definition
not necessarily; will show up in milk, and also mom already has a harder time bonding with babies after C-section compared to vaginal birth
Term
When to examine neonates?
Definition
3 days - check for deformities, growth, cord drying out; can dock tail / remove dewclaws
Term
What to check in mom after a C-section?
Definition
-incision
-is she producing milk? mastitis?
-discharge?
Term
A wet umbilical cord after 3 days may indicate...
Definition
patent urachus
Term
Deformities to check for in a neonate at 3d exam?
Definition
-cleft palate
-atresia ani
-open fontanelle
-patent urachus
Term
Open fontanelle could indicate...
Definition
hydrocephalus
Term
What is galactostasis? How to treat?
Definition
-milk build-up in the glands
-can occur in false pregnancy
-Tx: cold compresses, anti-inflamm, DO NOT milk!!!
Term
What is metritis? How to treat?
Definition
-uterine lining inflammation
-retained placenta often the cause
-foul, reddish vulvar discharge
-spay bc it's a pyo waiting to happen
Term
How will the teats feel if an animal has mastitis? What about galactostasis?
Definition
M: hard, hot, red, maybe with thick yellow discharge

G: full, but not hot or inflamed
Term
Post-partum disorders:
Definition
-mastitis
-galactostasis
-metritis
-eclampsia
Term
When would eclampsia occur?
Definition
-2 to 3 weeks after birth
Term
How does eclampsia present?
Definition
-2-3 weeks post-partum
-mom is first rigid, goose-stepping
-then flaccid, lethargic
-seizuring, death
Term
Give all the terms for spay:
Definition
-alter
-fix
-OVH
-OHE
Term
Give all the terms for castration:
Definition
-neuter -orchiectomy -alter -fix -sterilize
Term
When to perform a castration?
Definition
<6mo, or around puberty (giant breeds later)
Term
What is the inguinal canal?
Definition
the area where the descending testicle leaves the abdomen and reaches the scrotum
Term
What retained testicles like?
Definition
smaller, softer
Term
Monorchid vs Cryptorchid
Definition
monorchid: 1 retained testicle
cryptorchid: 1 or 2 retained testicles
Term
Retained testicles are often found...
Definition
in the inguinal canal
Term
Retained testicles can be mistaken for ___, especially in small breeds.
Definition
lymph nodes
Term
Danger of not removing a retained testicle?
Definition
it can become a malignant tumor
Term
Components of the spermatic cord:
Definition
-testicular vessels (incl. panpiniform plexus)
-nerves
-cremaster muscle (retract/relax)
-ductus deferens
Term
What structure pulls the testicle from the caudal pole of the kidney to the scrotum during fetal development?
Definition
gubernaculum
Term
ductus deferens
Definition
carries sperm from the epididymis to the penis
Term
epididymis
Definition
coiled tube structure between testicle and ductus deferens, where sperm mature
Term
Open vs Closed castration
Definition
Open:
-incise tunic
-double ligate vessels, muscles, nerves, ductus deferens = spermatic cord

Closed:
-leave tunic intact
-double ligate entire contents of spermatic cord and tunic
Term
What type of castration would be best for an older, large dog?
Definition
open - tunic will be thicker, harder to ligate; with closed castration, contents may slip out of the ligature and into body cavity
Term
Where is the incision made for a castration without retained testicles (canine)
Definition
-midline, cranial surface to scrotum
Term
Two incisions on the abdomen of a male dog would indicate what?
Definition
monorchid
Term
Feline vs Canine castration
Definition
Feline:
-two incisions on caudal scrotum
-no sutures, usually
ligatures optional (can tie structures together)

Canine:
-incision on abdomen, cranial to scrotum
-sutured closed
Term
Some vets do not ligate structures during a cat neuter, but instead...
Definition
tie ductus deferens and vessels together
Term
Benefits of Castration:
Definition
-prevents testicular tumors
-no unwanted litters
-prevents prostatic Dz
-decreases aggression, marking, roaming, and unwanted sexual behvior
-decreases perianal hernias, STIs
-Tx for perianal tumors, feminizing syndrome
-increases life expectancy
Term
What conditions are testosterone-driven in males?
Definition
-prostatic Dz
-perineal hernias
-perineal tumors
-feminizing syndrome
Term
What is prostatic Dz?
Definition
bilateral enlargement of the prostate which presses on the colon, causing ribbon-like stool
Term
What is a perineal hernia?
Definition
-looks like enlarged anal sac
-a pocket forms in the rectum and feces accumulates; must be removed manually
-T driven
Term
What is a perianal tumor?
Definition
-T driven -lots of glandular tissue in the area -can be benign or malignant
Term
What is feminizing syndrome?
Definition
-testicles produce too much estrogen
-animal loses muscle, hair, mammary glands swell, etc
-Tx = neuter
Term
What kind of tumor can form in a cryptorchid?
Definition
Sertoli cell tumor
Term
Disadvantages of Castration:
Definition
-weight gain?
-prevents taller males?
-cost
-Sx, anesthesia
-can't breed
Term
Castration myths:
Definition
-emotional trauma to pet
-more behavioral problems
-calms animal down
-will not be as protective
-breeding = good $$
-they should be left natural
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