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OCTC-Micro- test 1
OCTC-McElroys class Summer 2013
216
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
05/21/2013

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what is a pathogen?
Definition
a microorganism capable of causing disease
Term
what is etiology?
Definition
the study of the cause of disease
Term
whas immunology?
Definition

the study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens

(think receptors on cell membranes!)

Term
what is chemotherapy?
Definition

treatment of disease by using chemical substances such as synthetic drugs or antibiotics

Term
what is molecular biology?
Definition

studies how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs synthesis of proteins

 

Term
what is biotechnology?
Definition

manipulation of organisms or their
components to make useful products.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Term
examples of biotechnology?
Definition

Can use the spider protein to make bullet proof vest.

 

Can use human insulin produced by E. coli to treat diabetes

 

Salt water microbe produces substance that is binding (postage stamp size holds 70 tons)

Term
what is a eukaryote?
Definition
cells with a nuclear membrane
Term
what are some examples of Eukaryotes?
Definition

plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, algae

Term
what are some examples of Prokaryotes?
Definition
Bacteria and Archaea
Term
what is a prokaryote?
Definition

cells that lack a nuclear membrane

Term
Fungi are?
Definition
Eukaryotes
Term
Fungi genome?
Definition
DNA
Term
Do fungi have cell walls?
Definition
yes, within chitin (outside of cell membrane)
Term
Fungi are grouped as?
Definition
mold or yeast
Term
The microbes commonly known as __________ are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally motile.
Definition
protozoa
Term
Protozoa genome?
Definition
DNA
Term
Algae are?
Definition
plant like eukaryotes
Term
Algae genome is?
Definition
DNA
Term
Algae carry out what?
Definition
photosynthesis
Term
Helminths are?
Definition
MULTICELLULAR eukaryotes
Term
Examples of Helminths?
Definition

worms, macroscopic, eggs are microscopic

Term
what are the 2 kinds of prokaryotes?
Definition
bacteria and archaea
Term
bacteria cell walls contains?
Definition
cell walls contain peptidoglycan; some (few) bacteria lack cell walls; most bacteria are beneficial; some are harmful to humans
Term
archaea contains?
Definition

NO peptidoglycanin cell wall; harmless to humans

Term
Viruses consist of?
Definition

Consist of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein coat: NEVER both

Term
Viruses are classified as?
Definition
neither prokaryote or eukaryote
Term
Genome for Eukaryotic cells?
Definition
DNA
Term
genome for prokaryotic cells?
Definition
DNA
Term

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) did what?

Definition

Known as the father of bacteriology and protozoology

Term
Abiogenesis is was founded by?
Definition
Aristotle; proposed spontaneous generation
Term
what is Abiogenesis ?
Definition

Living things can arise from nonliving matter by some Vital Force

Term
1668 = Francesco Redi Proposed what?
Definition
biogenesis
Term
what is biogenesis?
Definition
= living things arise  only from other living things of the same kind
Term
John Needham did what?
Definition
reinforced idea of abiogenesis; experiment with infusion broth
Term
Lazzaro Spallanzani did what?
Definition

-denied abiogenesis

-Believed in biogenesis

-disproed Needham

-"life begets life"

Term
Louis Pasteurs did what?
Definition
disproved spontaneous generation
Term
who founded fermentation?
Definition
Louis Pasteurs
Term
who founded pasterization?
Definition
Louis Pasteurs
Term
who began field of industrial microbiology and biotechnology?
Definition
Louis Pasteurs
Term
Who is Robert Koch?
Definition
he founded microbes that caused anthras, TB, cholera
Term
who founded Koch Postulates?
Definition
Robert Koch
Term
who was father of taxonomy?
Definition
Carolus Linnaeus
Term
who published system naturae?
Definition
Carolus Linnaeus
Term
Who began the field of immunology?
Definition
Edward Jenner
Term
who introduced the vaccination procedure for smallpox?
Definition
Edward Jenner
Term
what was used to produce smallpox vaccine?
Definition
dried cowpox
Term
Ignaz Semmelweis introduced what?
Definition
Handwashing to prevent nosocomial infections
Term
John Snow is father of?
Definition
Epidemiology
Term
Joseph Lister
Definition
Began trend to modern aseptic techniques
Term
Joseph Lister introduced?
Definition
phenol
Term
Hans Christian Gram developed?
Definition
staining technique
Term
who was the founder of nursing?
Definition
Florence Nightingale
Term
Florence Nightingale did what?
Definition
introduced antiseptic techniques in nursing practices
Term
Alex Flemming discovered?
Definition

PCN

(pharmaceutical microbiology)

Term
Gerhard Domagk discovered?
Definition
sulfa drugs
Term
Paul Ehrlich developed drug to treat?
Definition
syphilis "magic bullet"
Term
who started field of chemotherapy?
Definition
Paul Ehrlich
Term
what are the 5 Eukaryotic cells?
Definition

algae

animals

plants

fungi

protozoa

Term
what are the 5 kingdoms created by Whittacker?
Definition

animalia

plante

fungi

protiza

monera

Term
what are the 3 domains discovered by Woese?
Definition

bacteria

archea

eukaryote

Term
Archae's characteristics?
Definition

no peptidoglycan

can live in high temps/ high pressures

most are not harmful

 

Term
what microbial process makes up ethanol form sugar? (beer, wine, etc)
Definition
fermentation (founded by Louis Pasteurs)
Term
What does Pastuerization do?
Definition
Heating a substance just enough to kill the bacteria
Term
what is industrial microbiology or biotechnology?
Definition

Industrial Microbiology or Biotechnology is the use of microbes to intentionally manufacture products

Term

pasteur’s Experiments Disproved Spontaneous generation... what was the process?

Definition

 

-Pasteur showed that flasks left open in the air after boiling would be contaminated.

 

-If the boiled flask were sealed, they remained free of microbes.

 

- Pasteur used flask with long necks bent into S-shape.

 

-Air was allowed into the flask but airborne microbes would be trapped in the neck.

 

-the flask remained sterile.

 

 

 

Term
proteins that help chemical reactions to occure are called?
Definition
enzymes
Term
Characteristics of a viruses are?
Definition

acellular

consist of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein (DNA/RNA never both)

can only be seen by a electron microscope

can only reproduce after invading a host cell

obligatory parasites

neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic

Term
what is a obligatory parasites?
Definition
a virus
Term
what can only reproduce after invading a host cell?
Definition
a virus
Term
Koch Pastulates is to?
Definition

determine what microbe causes a particular disease.

 

 

 

Term
Koch's Postulates states what?
Definition

 

-The microorganism must be present in the diseased animal and not present in the healthy animal

- Must be able to cultivate the microorganism away from the animal in a pure culture.

 

 

 

 

 

Term
Systema Naturae is?
Definition

-standardized system for naming and classifying organisms

-founded by Carolus Linnaeus

Term
Chemotherapy is?
Definition

Branch of medical microbiology in which chemicals are studied for their potential to destroy pathogenic microorganisms.

Term
what is bioremediation?
Definition

use of living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments

Term
what are the processes of life?
Definition

 

1.Growth and development = increase in size

2. Reproduction and heredity (genome) = increase in number

3. Responsiveness and movement = ability to react to environmental stimuli

4. Metabolism = controlled chemical reactions

Term
Put the following events in the history of microbiology in order, from the earliest to the latest:
I. Leeuwenhoek observes microbes using a microscope.
II. Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation.
III. Woese discovers the archaea.
IV. Fracastoro proposes that "germs" cause disease.
V. Ehrlich discovers the first "magic bullet."
 
Definition

 IV, I, II, V, III

IV. Fracastoro proposes that "germs" cause disease.

I. Leeuwenhoek observes microbes using a microscope.

II. Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation.

V. Ehrlich discovers the first "magic bullet."

III. Woese discovers the archaea.

 

Term
Fracastoro proposes that ?
Definition
Fracastoro proposes that "germs" cause disease.
Term
The work of Lister, Nightingale, and Semmelweis all contributed to controlling infectious disease by
Definition
developing methods for reducing nosocomial infections.
Term
who was involved in improving public health in the 19th century?
Definition
Snow.
 Nightingale.
  Semmelweis.
  Lister.
Term
The first true vaccine provided protection from disease caused by a?
Definition
virus
Term
what are the components of the bacterial cell wall?
Definition
peptidoglycan
 lipoteichoic acids
  mycolic acid
  tetrapeptide
Term
what is unique to archaea?
Definition
hami
Term
Bacterial cell walls that are resistant to drying contain?
Definition
waxes
Term
what bacterial cell structures play a important role in the creation of biofilms?
Definition
fimbriae and glycocalyces
Term
where do biofilms form?
Definition

Teeth

tonsils

Infected tissues

Plastic catheters

IUD

Metal pacemakers

Industrial pipelines.

Term
Biofilms are?
Definition

Biofilms are a complex community of microbes that form a protective adhesive matrix that attaches microbes to surfaces.

Term
how are biofilms formed?
Definition
Capsules allow the bacteria to attach to solid surfaces and form biofilms
Term
Formation of a biofilm may contribute to ?
Definition
bacteria's ability to cause disease.
Term
what are the characteristics of life?
Definition
 Viruses have some, but not all, of the characteristics of living things.
  Organisms may not exhibit all of the characteristics of life at all times.
  Reproduction can occur asexually or sexually in living things.
  Living things store metabolic energy in the form of chemicals such as ATP.
Term
Lysosomes result from ?
Definition
the endocytosis of food particles by eukaryotic cells.
Term
Lipid-soluble molecules would be expected to cross the cytoplasmic membrane by which processes?
Definition
diffusion
Term
ATP is expended in what processes?
Definition
both active transport and group translocation
Term
components of a bacterial cell wall
Definition
A) peptidoglycan
B) lipoteichoic acids
C) mycolic acid
D) tetrapeptide
Term
A(n) __________ is a type of glycocalyx that is firmly attached to the cell.
Definition
capsule
Term
Characteristics of OSMOSIS?
Definition

 A) Osmosis requires a selectively permeable membrane.
 C) Cells placed in hypotonic solutions will gain water.
D) Crenation results when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution.
E) Osmosis stops when the system reaches equilibrium.
Term
Endospores survive a variety of harsh conditions in part because of the presence of
Definition
dipicolinic acid
Term
The glycocalyx of a eukaryotic cell performs what functions?
Definition

  protection against dehydration.
  anchoring cells to each other.
  cellular recognition and communication.
  strengthening the cell surface.
Term
What is associated with the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?
Definition

 A) chromatin
 C) histones
D) nucleoplasm
E) nucleolus
Term
The ER is?
Definition
The ER is a transport system within the cytoplasm.
Term
Chloroplasts differ from mitochondria in that they have
Definition
light-harvesting pigments.
Term
which disease was first proven to be bacterial in origin?
Definition
anthrax
Term
Membrane rafts are found in the cytoplasmic membranes of
Definition
eukaryotes
Term
Some __________ use group translocation as a means of transport.
Definition
bacteria
Term
The cell walls of __________ contain peptidoglycan.
Definition
bacteria
Term
The cytoplasmic membranes of __________ contain lipids.
Definition
all prokaryotes
Term
__________ may have flagella.
Definition
Archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes
Term
Which of the following may have cell walls containing teichoic acids?
Definition
gram positive bacteria
Term
The cell walls of __________ contain tetrapeptides.
Definition
both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
Term
Which external structures containing a periplasmic space?
Definition
gram negative bacteria
Term
what are the functions of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton?
Definition
A) anchors organelles
B) gives shape to the cell
 D) performs endocytosis
E) aids in contraction of the cell
Term
what is true concerning the endosymbiotic theory?
Definition

B) Mitochondria and chloroplasts can divide independently of the cell.
C) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes.
D) The cristae of mitochondria evolved from the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes.
E) The endosymbiotic theory is not universally accepted.
Term
endocytosis produces a structure called?
Definition
Endocytosis produces a structure called a food vesicle
Term

When cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, they lose water and shrivel. This process is called

Definition
crenation
Term
The glycocalyx of a eukaryotic cell does what?
Definition

 A) protection against dehydration.
B) anchoring cells to each other.
C) cellular recognition and communication.
D) transfer of genetic material between cells.
Term
A structural molecule found in eukaryotic cytoskeletons, flagella, cilia, and centrioles is __________.
Definition
tubulin
Term
Short, hairlike structures used only by eukaryotic cells for movement are called
Definition
cilia
Term
what are components of bacterial flagella?
Definition
A) flagellin
B) basal body
 D) filament
E) hook
Term
 

What plays an important role in the creation of biofilms?

 

Definition
both fimbriae and glycocalyces
Term
Organisms that can grow with or without oxygen present are
Definition
either facultative anaerobes or aerotolerant anaerobes.
Term
An aquatic microbe that can grow only at the surface of the water is probably ?
Definition
a phototroph
Term
A(n) __________ organism is one that requires oxygen for growth.
Definition
obligate aerobic
Term
Obligate anaerobes may be cultured in the laboratory
Definition
in a reducing medium
Term
A microbe that grows only at the bottom of a tube of thioglycollate medium is probably a(n)
Definition
obligate anaerobe
Term
__________ are complex communities of various types of microbes that adhere to surfaces.
Definition
biofilms
Term
what is a cell?
Definition
cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
Term
4 general principles of microscopy
Definition
 
wavelength, magnification, resolution, contrast
Term
Acid fast stains do what?
Definition
  : Stains cell of mycobacterium and Norcadia.

These cell have large amount of lipid in cells walls, do not readily stain with gram stain
Term
Carl Woese
Definition
Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea
Cells in the three domains also differ with respect to many other characteristics
Term
Endospore Stain?
Definition
Heat is used to drive the primary stain, malachite green, into the endospore. Decolorized with water and counterstained with safranin
Term
types of bright field microscopes?
Definition
Simple and comound
Term
types of electon microscopes
Definition
Transmission
Scanning
Term
two types of phase microscopes
Definition
phase contrast
differential interference contrast
Term
Leeuwenhoek used simple microscope to observe?
Definition
microorganisms
Term
Whitaker?
Definition
proposed a widely accepted taxonomic approach based on five kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Prokaryotae
Term
What is a sex pilus?
Definition
long hollow tubules composed of protein called pilin
Term
microscopy refers to?
Definition
the use of light or electrons to magnify objects
Term
magnification occurs
Definition
when a beam of light refracts or bends a it passes thru a convex lens
Term
resolution is the ability?
Definition
to distinguish between two objects that are very close together
Term
Electron microscope
Definition
uses electron beams that have much smaller wavelength than visible light
Term
the scanning electron microscope?
Definition
can reslove microbes and magnify them 100,000 times more than a light or brightfield microscope that we use in our labs
Term

Differential Interference Contrast Microscopes

(DIC)

Darker = (Out of phase)

Definition

Nomarski microscopes 

*gives a detailed view of unstained, live specimens by manipulating light which makes the specimen appears as 3D.

 

Term
light microscopes
Definition
light waves that are in phase are aligned, crest to crest and trough to trough
Term

phase- contrast microscopes

 

Brighter= (in phase)

 

Definition

used to examine living microbes or specimens

(cell movement with cilia, flagella, or phagocytosis)

Term
what organism is responsible for generating the early earths atmostphere?
Definition
photosynthetic archaea
Term
what is the most common group of bacteria associated with humans and animals?
Definition
chemoheterotrophs
Term

Fluorescent microscopes

(Ultra Violet radiation)

Definition

UV light increases resolution b/c it has a shorter wavelength than visible light

 

Used as accurate and a quick diagnostic tool for detecting pathogens

Term
bacteria form?
Definition
endospores
Term
Protozoa form?
Definition
cyst
Term

Transmission Electron Microscope

(TEM)

Definition

thin, transverse sections (slice)

Examine fine details of internal cell structures

examine number of layers of the cells envelope

 

Term
what is a simple microscope?
Definition

one lens=

magnifying glass

Term
what is a compound microscope?
Definition

have at least 2 lens

(objective lens and ocular lens)

Term
What is the illuminator on the microscope?
Definition
lamp located in base of microscope that gives off visible light to illuminate specimen
Term
confocal microscope?
Definition
also uses fluorescent dyes, uses UV laser, resolution increased by 40%, computer constructs 3d image
Term
staining does what?
Definition
Staining
increases contrast by coloring specimens with stains/dyes
Term
Microbilogical stains are?
Definition
microbilogical stains
usually composed of cation and anion one is colored
Term
differential stains?
Definition
differential stain
uses more than on dye so different cells, chemicals, or structures can be distinguished
Term
Acid Fast Stains?
Definition
Acid Fast Stain
Stains cell of mycobacterium and Norcadia.

These cell have large amount of lipid in cells walls, do not readily stain with gram stain
Term
Characteristics of endospores?
Definition
endospore
dormant, highly resistant cells that form inside the cytoplasm of a bacteria and can survive environmental extremes such as heat, dessication, and harmful chemicals
Term
staining for Electron Microscope?
Definition

Staining for Electron Microscope

Stains for TEM are not colored dyes but instead chemicals containing atoms of heavy metals such as lead, osmium, tungsten, and uranium which absorb electrons

Term
What is a cell membrane?
Definition
also called plasma membrane, a selectively permeable lipoprotein bilayer that forms the boundary between a bacterial cell's cytoplasm and its environment
Term
What is a cell nucleus?
Definition
cell nucleus
(Control Center)
an organelle bound by its own double membrane and containing chromosomes, the genetic information for cell protein synthesis and cell replication; responsible for growth and reproduction!
Term
what is a cell wall?
Definition
cell wall
outer layer of most bacterial, plants, algal, and fungi that maintains the shape of the cell and helps protect it
Term
what is chemotaxis?
Definition
chemotaxis
a nonrandom movement of an organism toward or away from a chemical
Term
what is chloroplast?
Definition
chloroplast
An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis found in eukaryotic cells
Term
what is chromatin?
Definition
chromatin
long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes
Term
what is cytoplasm?
Definition
cytoplasm
semifuild substance inside a cell, excluding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
Term
what is a cytoskeleton?
Definition
cytoskeleton
a network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement in eukaryotic cells
Term
what is active transport?
Definition
active transport
the movement of chemical substances, usually across the cell membrane, against a concentration gradient; requires cells to use energy (ATP)
Term
what does the endosymbiotic theory state?
Definition
endosymbiotic theory
a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes, like the mitochondria
Term
the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins is called what?
Definition
facilitated diffusion
 
Term
what is the external to the cell wall; layer of polysaccharides and peptides that keep cells from drying out?
Definition
glycocalyx
external to the cell wall; layer of polysaccharides and peptides that keep cells from drying out.
Term
stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
golgi apparatus
stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
Term
Toxic substance found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
Definition
lipid A
Toxic substance found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
Term
in eukaryotic cells, the cell organelle that is surrounded by two membranes and that is the site of cellular respiration, which produces ATP, what is this?
Definition
mitochondrion
 
Term
what is a double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
Definition
nuclear envelope
double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
Term
Also known as a (nucleoid)... Central location of DNA, RNA, and some proteins in bacteria; not a true nucleus, what is this?
Definition
nuclear region
(nucleoid) Central location of DNA, RNA, and some proteins in bacteria; not a true nucleus
Term
The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
Definition
nucleoulus
Term
what is a specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell?
Definition
organelle
specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
Term
The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition?
Definition
plasma membrane
Term
cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles, includes all bacteria
Definition
prokaryotic cell
Term
what is a cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis?
Definition
ribosome
Term
the net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, does not require energy from a cell
Definition
simple diffusion
Term
A thin protective structure loosely bound to the cell wall that protects the cell against drying, helps trap nutrients, and sometimes binds cells together
Definition
slime layer
 
Term
Gram negative are less or more susceptible to antibiotics than gram positive organisms?
Definition
Are less susceptible to antibiotics than gram positive organisms
Term

what uses oxygen and detoxifies it
must have oxygen?

 

Definition
Aerobes
Term
3 categories of microbes that uses or doesn't use oxygen
Definition
aerobes, anaerobes, aerotolerant
Term
what does not use oxygen but can detoxify it
(oral and intestinal bacteria), not harmed by oxygen
Definition
aerotolerant
Term
    can neither use oxygen nor detoxify it
(oral and intestinal bacteria) die with oxygen
Definition
anaerobes  
Term
what is a self-feeder and uses inorganic O2 as its carbon source
Definition
autotroph
Term
what organism must obtain its carbon in an organic form
Definition
heterotroph
Term
what is a log phase; cells reach maximum rate of cell divison
Definition
expontential growth
Term
____________ are "refrigerator-spoilers" (temp. optimum = 20 degrees C) ex. bread molds
Definition
Psychrotrophs
Term
An organism that gets its energy from light and carbon from CO2 is?
Definition
phototrophs
Term
An organism that uses glucose for both carbon and energy is classified?
Definition
chemoheterotroph
Term
This is used to encourage the growth of a particular microorganism in a mixed culture?
Definition
enrichment culture
Term
is much like a stem cell = unspecialized cell
can undergo cell division for long periods of time;
can differentiate into specialized cells with specific function
Definition
progenitor cell
Term
what are the processes that define life?
Definition
Growth, Reproduction, responsiveness, Metabolism, cellular structure
Term
can feed on inorganic molecules (metals)
Definition
lithotrophs
Term
lives with or without oxygen
prefers oxygen
Definition
facultative anaerobes
Term
growth and development refer to what?
Definition
increase in size
Term
structures within Eukaryote cytoplasm?
Definition

mitochondria

ER

chloroplastlysosomes

vacuoles

golgi apparatus

Term
You don't heat fix with what kind of stain ?
 
Definition
Negative Stain
Term
Gram positive bacteria tends to produce?
Definition
exotoxins, they are more susceptible to penicillins and digestions by lysozyme
Term
what is the apparent increase in size of an object
Definition
magnification
Term
what is the bacteria of workhorse of biotechnology?
Definition
E. Coli
Term
what is the fungus workhorse of biotechnology?
Definition

bakers yeast

"Saccharomyces cerevisiae"

Term
Microbes that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen are called
Definition
facultative anaerobes
Term
what scientists provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous generation?
Definition
needham
Term
Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat
Definition
syphilis
Term
The method of obtaining isolated cultures that utilizes surface area to dilute specimens is called
Definition
the streak plate technique
Term
A colony-forming unit is the number of cells
Definition
that produces one colony
Term
1st vaccine was invented by?
Definition
Edward Jenner
Term
the 1st vaccone was?
Definition
Smallpox made from dried cowpox
Term
Girolamo francastoro did what?
Definition

Founded the catagion theory

-germs cause disease

 

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