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OCCC AFG Unit 2
Alan J. Cook Lecture Note Flashcards
78
Political Studies
Undergraduate 1
02/22/2012

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Cards

Term
What are polls?
Definition
Methods for measuring public opinion
Term
What is a population in relation to polls?
Definition
group the poll is to represent
Term
What is a sample?
Definition
subset of a population from which information is collected and analyzed to learn more about the population as a whole. usually around 1000 people.
Term
What are exit polls?
Definition
Polls that survey a sample of voters immediately after exiting the voting booth to predict the outcome of the election before the ballots are officially counted.
Term
What are push polls?
Definition
polls that are designed to manipulate the opinions of those being polled
Term
What are staw polls?
Definition
Ballet polls by 19th century newspapers to predict the outcome of elections
Term
What are tracking polls?
Definition
polls that seek to guage the change of opinion of the same sample size over a period of time. common over the closing months of a presidential election.
Term
What are Gallup polls?
Definition
Most well-known and most respected polling firm in the US founded by George Gallup
Term
What are elites?
Definition
Group of people who may lead public opinion, such as journalists, politicians, and policy makers
Term
What is the gender gap?
Definition
differences in the political attitude and behavior of men and women
Term
What is the latent public opinion?
Definition
opinions and attitude of public that are not always captured in public opinion data but are recognized by public officials and is influential in policy making.
Term
what are nonattitudes?
Definition
sources of error in public opinion polls in which individuals feel obliged to give an opinion on something when in reality they are unaware of the issue or have no opinion on it
Term
What is party identification?
Definition
attachment or allegiance to a political party.
Term
What is polarization?
Definition
condition in which differences between parties and or public are so stark that disagreement breaks out; fueling attacks and controversy
Term
What is the rally-around-the-flag effect?
Definition
surge of public support for the president in times of international crisis.
Term
What is socialization?
Definition
impact and influence of one's social environment on the views and attitudes one carries in life. a primary source for political attitudes
Term
What is a Political Party?
Definition
Broad coalitions of individuals who organize to win elections in order to enact a commonly supported set of public policies.
Term
Who were federalist?
Definition
Initially those who supported ratification of the constitution. Later the name of the political party established by supporters of Alexander Hamilton.
Term
Who were Anti-Federalists?
Definition
Those who opposed ratification of the constitution
Term
What is the Democratic-Republican party?
Definition
Political party formed by Thomas Jefferson to oppose the strong central government policies of federalists.
Term
What was the Whig Party?
Definition
Political Party formed to oppose the Jackson Democrats.
Term
What does being liberal mean?
Definition
Wanting a big government
Term
What does being conservative mean?
Definition
wanting a small government
Term
What is being moderate?
Definition
being in between liberal and conservative
Term
What is party alignment?
Definition
voter identification with a political party in repeated elections.
Term
What is Party ID?
Definition
attachment or allegiance to a political party.
Term
what does being independent in politics mean?
Definition
voter or candidate who is not affiliated with a political party
Term
What is fiscal policy?
Definition
use of government expenditure and revenue collection to influence the economy.
Term
What was the New Deal?
Definition
FDR program for ending the great depresion through government intervention in the ecconomy and a set of safety-net programs for workers.
Term
What is social policy?
Definition
a policy for dealing with social issues
Term
What are third parties?
Definition
minor political parties that present a 3rd alternative to the 2 dominant parties.
Term
What is a primary election?
Definition
election in which voters select the candidates who will run on the party label in the general election.
Term
What is a closed primary?
Definition
Primary election in which the voter must affiliate with a party before casting a vote
Term
What is a semi closed primary?
Definition
Primary election in which party affiliated voters cast votes and nonaffiliated voters can choose which party's primary to vote in
Term
What is an open primary?
Definition
primary election in which voters do not have to affiliate with a party before voting
Term
What is the patronage system?
Definition
political system in which government programs and benefits are awarded based on political loyalty to a party or politician.
Term
What are progressives?
Definition
Coalitions of democrats and republicans in the late 19th century, who believed that government had been captured by corrupt elites who were using government resources to enrich themselves rather than serve citizens
Term
What is the civil service?
Definition
system of employment in the federal bureacracy under which employees are chosen and promoted based on merit
Term
what is a delegate?
Definition
individual selected by party voters in a primary or caucus election who is committed to supporting a particular presidential nominee at the party's national nominating convention
Term
What is the winner-take-all system?
Definition
electoral system in which whoever wins the most votes in an election wins the election
Term
What is the Mcgovern-Fraser comission?
Definition
Democratic party commission whose reforms of the party's presidential nominating system increased access to underrepresented groups
Term
What are superdelegates?
Definition

democratic party delegates who have a vote at the national nominating convention on the basis of party status or position in government and are free to support the presidential nominnee of their choice.

 

20% of delegates at the democratic convention are super delegates

Term
What are the constitutional requirements for elections?
Definition

election rules are left to the states

only house elected directly by the people

senators elected by state legislatures

president elected by the electoral college

Term
How many electoral votes are there and how many do you need to win?
Definition

538 total

270 to win

Term
If no candidate gets majority of the votes who decides the winner of the election?
Definition
The house of representatives
Term
What is a battleground state?
Definition
state in which the outcome of the presidential election is uncertain and in which both candidates invest much time and money to win especially if vital for victory in the electoral college
Term
What is bundling?
Definition
organizing and influencing others to donate to a political campaign so as to raise more money than 2500 contribution FEC rules permit per individual
Term
What is the census?
Definition
constitutionally mandated count of the population every ten years
Term
What are swing voters?
Definition
voters who are neither reliably republican or democrat and are pursued by both partys during an election, as they can determine which candidate wins.
Term
What are swing states?
Definition
states that are not clearly Pro-Republican or Pro-Democrat and therefore are of vital interest  to presidential candidates, as they can determine the outcome of the election.
Term
What is the wedge issue?
Definition
Division issue focused on a particular group of the electorate that candidates use to gain more support by taking votes away from their opponents
Term
What is the Hamiltonian model of participation?
Definition
view of participation that suggests that too much participation is a bad thing and that most people are not well enough informed to cast votes
Term
What is the Jeffersonian Model of Participation?
Definition
The more people involved the better
Term
What is strategic retirement?
Definition
Decision to retire from congress based on the unlikelihood of winning the next election
Term
What is compulsivery voting?
Definition

Law that makes all people vote

(not in USA)

Term
What was Near v. Minnesota(1931)
Definition
Supreme court case that declared that only in exceptionally rare cases can the government prevent the printing of a new story
Term
What was New York Times v. Sullivan(1964)?
Definition
supreme court case est. that proof of actual malice is required to convict in a libel suit
Term
What is was the pentagon papers case(New York Times Co. v. USA)?
Definition
Supreme court case permitting publication of classified documents on the vietnam war and thus favoring freedom of the press over executive athority of the president.
Term
What is actual malice?
Definition
making a statement against public officials or public figures with knowledge that the information was false or with reckless disregard if whether the information was true or false.
Term
What is the minimal effects model?
Definition
view of the media's impact as marginal, since most people seek new and reports that reinforce beliefs already held than to develop new ones
Term
What is the not so minimal effects model?
Definition
Media very much effects the beliefs of the public
Term
What is agenda setting?
Definition
ability of the media to impact how people view issues, people, or events by controlling what stories are shown and which ones aren't
Term
What is framing?
Definition
ability of the media to influence public perception of issues by controlling the issue or discussion of a subject in a certain way.
Term
What is priming?
Definition
process whereby the media influences how the public views politicians by emphasizing criteria that makes them look either good or bad
Term
what are 501 (C)(3) organizations?
Definition
Tax-exempt groups that are prohibited from lobying congress or campaigning for a party or candidate
Term
What are political action committees(PACS)?
Definition
Groups formed to raise and contribute funds to support electoral candidates, subject to campaign finance law
Term
What are unions?
Definition
interests groups of individuals hwo share a common type of employment and seek better wages and working conditions through collective bargaining with employers
Term
What is an interest group?
Definition
group of citizens who share a common interest and try to influence public policy for their own benefit
Term
What are professional associations?
Definition
interest groups that represent individuals who share similar jobs
Term
What are single issue groups?
Definition
groups that form to present one view on a highly salient issue that is intensely important
Term
What are economic interest groups?
Definition
groups formed to advance the economic status of its members
Term
What are ideological interest groups?
Definition
Groups that form amoung citizens with the same beliefs about a specific issue
Term
What are expressive benefits?
Definition
the benefit of having a specific opinion expressed in a larger social or political sphere by a special interest group.
Term
What are material benefits?
Definition
Tangible benefits available only to members of a group, such as discounts and monthly magazines.
Term
What are selective benefits?
Definition
benefits offered exclusively to members of an interest group
Term
What is the free rider problem?
Definition
Problem faced by interest groups when a collective benefit they provide is so widespread and diffuse that members and nonmembers alike recieve it, reducing the incentive for joining the group.
Term
What is the Iron Triangle?
Definition
Insular and closed relationship among interest groups, members of congress, and federal agencies.
Term
What is referred to as the Revolving Door?
Definition
movement of members of congress, lobbyist, and executive branch employees into paid positions in each other's organizations
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