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OCC 574 Chapters 1 - 3, 14, 15 & 16
Test 1 for Anatomy
213
Anatomy
Graduate
06/08/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Major divisions of the body
Definition

Posterior/anterior

superior/inferior

lateral/medial

distal/proximal 

Term
Body Planes
Definition

Sagittal 

Frontal

Transverse 

 

Term
Abduction
Definition
moving away from the body
Term
adduction
Definition
moving towards the body
Term
Flexion
Definition
"bending" decreasing the angle between two parts.
Term
Extension
Definition
straightening out the bent part
Term
protraction
Definition
moving the part backwards (posteriorly)
Term
elevation
Definition
lifting a part (superiorly)
Term
depression
Definition
lowering a part (inferiorly)
Term
rotation
Definition
twisting a part around its longitudinal axis.
Term
lateral rotation
Definition
External
Term
medial rotation
Definition
internal
Term
circumduction
Definition
combination of successive movements (flexion, abduction, adduction and extension)
Term
Center of gravity
Definition
a point on the midline, jut anterior to the level of the second sacral vertebrae
Term
line of gravity
Definition
verticle line that passes through the center of gravity
Term
base of support
Definition
area of ground occupied by the feet and space between them
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition

Shapes 

Simple Squamous

Simple cuboidal 

simple columnar 

psudostratified ciliated columner

stratified squamous 

found in skin, digestive track, liver and pancreas

Term
mesothelium
Definition

single layerd squamous epithelium 

- lines the four cavities of the trunk

-two pleural cavities of the lungs

-pericardial cavity 

-peritoneal cavity surrounding abdominal viscera 

Term
connective tissue
Definition

widely despersed - includes blood

fascia 

tendons and ligaments

cartilage

bone 

Term
endothelium
Definition
inner lining of the heat, blood vessels and lymphatic vessles
Term
fibrous connective tissue
Definition

most pervasive type of connective tissue in the body. 

may be loos, woven or dense like a tendon

Term
collagen fiber
Definition
non elastic, arranged in wavey bundles
Term
elastic fibers
Definition
stretchy
Term
fibroblast
Definition
connective tissue cell
Term
dermis
Definition

-palpillary layer 

-reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue

-superficial fascia: loose connective tissue; deep layer; allows movement of the skin over deeper structures 

Term
Fascia
Definition

connective tissue arranged in enveloping sheaths. 

-superfiscial fascia 

-deep fascia 

Term
perimysium
Definition
thin fascia surrounding individual muscles.
Term
bursae
Definition
pocket-like fluid filled spaces between muscles, tendon and bones, skin
Term
tendon
Definition
bundle of collaagen that attaches muscle to bone or, occasionally, some other structures.
Term
aponeurosis
Definition
broad flat tendon
Term
ligament
Definition
attach bone to bone
Term
cartilage
Definition

feltlike mass of fibrous tissue. less resistant, more risiliant connective tissue than bone.  

- rings of the trachea

- Adam's apple 

Term
hyalin cartilage
Definition

most common type of cartilage

-glassy in appearance 

-located at joints that are freely movable

 

Term
fibrocartalage
Definition
heavy and prominant cartilage found in invertibral disks
Term
bone
Definition

hardest connective tissue 

-consists of tiny crystals composed of minerals, calcium, phosphorus. 

 

Term
compact bone
Definition
outer surface of all bones
Term
spongy bone
Definition
surrounded by compact bone
Term
Smooth Muscle
Definition
found in walls of the digestive track and blood vessels. responsible for involuntary movement, such as moving food through the digestive track
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition

resembles smooth muscle 

-striated 

-involuntary 

Term
skeletal muscle
Definition

greatest mass of muscle in the body. the Meat! 

 

 

Term
muscle fiber
Definition

threadlike individual cells of skeletal muscle 

-a small fraction of a millimeter in diameter 

-extends as much as 2 inches 

Term
sarcolemma
Definition
cell membrane of the muscle fiber
Term
endomysium
Definition

immediately outside of the sarcolemma

delicate muscle tissue responsible for binding muscle fibers to other muscle fibers and to the end of other fibers and tendons. 

Term
perimysium
Definition
surrounds bundles of muscle fiber
Term
epimysium
Definition
surrounds entire muscle
Term
myofibrils
Definition
contractile elements of muscle fiber
Term
myofilliments
Definition
what myofibrils are composed of
Term
myosin
Definition
protien making up thick myofilliments
Term
actin
Definition
protein making up thin myofilliments
Term
Has no effect on adjacent musle fibers
Definition
contraction
Term
needs no nerve impuse to initiate contraction
Definition
cardiac muscle
Term
mechanics of Shortening ( contraction in skeletal muscle)
Definition

light band shortens and dispear between the thick myosin filaments

 

Term
biomechanics of skeletal muscle contraction
Definition

nerve impulse initiates contraction by releasing acetycholine. 

-permiability of the sarcolemma changes and allows and influx of sodium ions. 

- depolarization causes release of calcium ions, causing myosin and actin filaments to interact causing contraction. 

 

Term
immediate source of energy for the muscle contraction
Definition
ATP
Term
glucose
Definition
chief source of energy for muscle contraction
Term
Neuron
Definition
nerve cell
Term
Axon
Definition
takes impulses away from the cell body to the synapes
Term
dendrites
Definition
conduct nerve impulses towards the soma
Term
neuroglia
Definition

connective tissue specific to the nervous system

- holds the bodies of the neurons and their fibers together 

Term
Ganglia
Definition
group of neuron cell bodies that lie outside the CNS
Term
axon sizes
Definition

CNS: brain cells (up to 20 inches)

neurons supplying muscles of the foot (a yard of more, 9000 mm)

Diameter: 0.01 mm or less 

 

Term
Neuron Body size
Definition
rarely exceed 0.1 mm in diameter
Term
nerve impuse speed
Definition
the fastest impulse is aprox. 120 m/second
Term
synapse
Definition
junction between two neurons
Term
motor (efferent) cells and fibers
Definition
conduct impulses away from the CNS
Term
sensory (afferent) cells and fibers
Definition
conduct impulses to the CNS
Term
Epiphyasis
Definition
ends of the bone
Term
diaphysis
Definition
body of the bone
Term
metaphysis
Definition
junction between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
cartilage between two surfaces
Term
trabecular
Definition
spongy bone
Term
medullary cavity
Definition
contains marrow
Term
nutrient artery
Definition
supplies marrow cavity with nutrients
Term
Endosteum
Definition
lines the medullary cavity
Term
periostium
Definition

means: around the bone 

a dense fiberous connective tissue membrane covering the bone

Term
Epiphysial Plate
Definition
Growth plate, stops at puberty
Term
Hormones that effect growth
Definition

Thyroxine (secreted by the thyroid)

hGH (secreted by the anterior pituitary gland)

 

 

Term
location of growth plate
Definition
between the diaphysis and each epiphysis
Term
epiphyseal line
Definition
where the epiphyseal plate use to be
Term
age when the epiphyseal plates disapear
Definition
epiphyseal fusion tends to range fron 1 to 2 years among the same sex. In girls happens as much as 3 years before boys
Term
intramembranous bone formation
Definition
osteoblasts in the cartilaginous periostium of fetal bown lay down new bone on the outside of old bone. (happens in the skull)
Term
endochrondral bone formation
Definition
formation of long bones (from the inside out)
Term
callus
Definition
bone that grows as an enlargement over a fracture
Term
tensile strength
Definition
resistence to being pulled apart
Term
compressive strength
Definition
resistance to being crumbled
Term
Suture
Definition

most of the skull 

serrated edges 

interlocking by strong fibrous tissue 

Term
symphysis
Definition

secondary cartilaginous 

union between bodies of vertebrae and pubic symphysis 

Term
Synovial
Definition
Movable joints, cavity between two reciprocally curved articular surfaces
Term
Types of synovial joints
Definition

hinge: uniaxial (elbow, knee)
Pivot: uniaxial; peg and rotation (atlas and axis)
plane: uniaxial; flat Gliding movement
condyloid: (ellipsoid) Biaxial; convex and concave (base of fingers) 

Saddle: (sellar) Biaxial, both surfaces saddle shaped (base of thumb) 

ball and socket: (spheroid) triaxial; one rounded the other concave (shoulder/hip) 

 

Term
hinge
Definition
hinge: uniaxial (elbow, knee)

Term
pivot
Definition

Pivot: uniaxial; peg and rotation (atlas and axis)
 
Term
plane
Definition

plane: uniaxial; flat Gliding movement

Term
condyloid
Definition


condyloid: (ellipsoid) Biaxial; convex and concave (base of fingers) 

 

Term
saddle
Definition

 

Saddle: (sellar) Biaxial, both surfaces saddle shaped (base of thumb) 

 

Term
ball and socket
Definition

 

ball and socket: (spheroid) triaxial; one rounded the other concave (shoulder/hip) 

Term
Synovial Structure
Definition

hyaline cartilage covers articulating surfaces 

Joint capsule: encloses ends of bones 

outer fibrous layer: collagenous tissue, thickened by ligaments, blends with periosteum  

inner layer: synovial membrane 

Term
Synovial membrane
Definition

thin, vascular inner layer of synovial structure

-consists of outer layer connective and single layer inner cells.  

- produces synovial fluid (nourishes and lubricates the articular cartilage)

Term
origin (proximal)
Definition
attachement of the less movable end of the muscle
Term
insertion (distal)
Definition
attachment to the more movable end of the muscle
Term
strap muscle
Definition

a long muscle with parallel fibers

-great range of motion

(sartorius muscle of the thigh) 

Term
fusiform
Definition

muscle with parallel formation 

-belly of the muscle is rounded

-ends are tapered

(ex. bicep brachii) 

Term
pennate
Definition

muscle where fibers insert at an anglke into a tendon that passes through the muscle  

-length of the muscle fibers are shorter than the lenghth of the muscle. 

Term
bipennate
Definition

fibers attach to two sides of the tendon 

ex. rectus femorus 

Term
multipennate
Definition

many tendons with multipule places for fibers to attach 

ex. deltoid muscle 

Term
bursae
Definition

flattened connective tissue sac lining synovial membrane. 

-lie between muscle and bone, tendon and bone, skin and bone or other combinations 

Term
synovial sheath
Definition
bursa that completely surrounds the tendon
Term
Four componentds of the lever system
Definition

lever: rigid bar (bone)

fulcrum: axis or point where the movement takes place (joint)

effort/force: muscle acting on the lever

resistance: weight the force must overcome to move the lever

Term
Three classes of levers
Definition

1st class: fulcrum lies between the effort point and resistance (see saw)

2nd class: resistance lies between the fulcrum and the effort point (wheel barrel) 

3rd class: effor point lies between the fulcrum and resistance 

Term
-effort arm:
Definition
perpendicular line from the line of force to the fulcrum (distance from joint to muscle) 
Term
resistance arm
Definition

line from the resistance to the fulcrum 

(distance from the joint to muscle) 

Term
formula for a balanced lever
Definition
effort x effort arm = resistance x resistance arm
Term
types of muscle contractions
Definition

concentric: muscle fibers shorten

eccentric: muscle fibers shorten and then gradually lenghthen (needed for movement against gravity) 

isotonic: muscle either shortening or lenghthening 

isometric: muscles across joint act w/equal strength. no movement  

 

Term
prime mover (agonist)
Definition
muscle carries out the movement
Term
synergist
Definition
muscle that contracts at the same time as prime mover
Term
antagonist
Definition
muscle that directly opposes movement
Term
proprioceptive fibers
Definition

nerve supply fibers to muscle -

register, stretch or contract muscle or tense tendon 

Term
Muscle Spindle
Definition

Chief sensory structure in muscle 

-alpha fibers: bulk of the muscle (dominant) big and strong

gamma fibers: sensory (small and fast) 

Term
motor unit
Definition
neuron and muscle fibers it innervates
Term
motor nerve fibers
Definition

end on the muscle fiber and indent the cell membrane

-100 muscle fibers for every motor nerve fiber

Term
flower spray or secondar ending
Definition
nerve fibers that connect closer to the two extremities of the muscle fiber of the spindle
Term
annulospirals or primary endings
Definition
one sensory nerve that winds around the center of the muscle spindle
Term
muscle spindle
Definition
groups of 2-10 muscle fibers
Term
motor unit
Definition
all the muscle fibers that are innervated by a single nerve cell and its branches; contract at the same time
Term
CNS
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
PNS
Definition
crania and spinal nerves and autonomic nervous system
Term
neural tube
Definition

thickening of the epithelium on the dorsal surface of the embryo

-gives rise to the spinal cord and brain

Term
synapse
Definition

structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical message to another cell 

-gap between two neurons 

Term
motor end plate
Definition

specialized ending and motified portion of muscle fiber where the motor nerve ends. 

-also called the neuromuscular endings

Term
neuromuscular end plate
Definition
juction between nerve fibers and muscle fibers
Term
tetanic
Definition
continuous stimulation of a nerve to a muscle resulting in neuromuscular junction fatigue
Term
curare
Definition
chemical agent used to paralyze or relax skeletal muscle.
Term
epidermis
Definition
outer layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium
Term
dermis
Definition
deeper layer of connective tissue
Term
skin function
Definition
  1. seals off body fluid
  2. protects against infection
  3. first line of resistance in physical forces such as friction
  4. homeostasis 
Term
spinal nerves
Definition

31 pairs 

Cervical: 7

Thoracic: 12

Lumbar:5

Sacral: 5 

Coccygeal: 1

Term
gray matter (spinal cord)
Definition
consists of cell bodies of neurons, and fibers leaving the cell bodies
Term
posterior/dorsal horns
Definition
recieves impulses coming through spinal nerves and route impulses towards the brain
Term
anterior/ventral horns
Definition
gives rise to fibers that leave the spinal cord as the anterior roots of the spinal nerves, ending in skeletal muscle
Term
white matter (spinal cord)
Definition

composed of nerve fibers

 

Term
afferent fibers
Definition

enter the spinal cord from the cell bodies in the posterior roots of the spinal nerves forming the posterior root ganglion

 

- relay sensory information

Term
motor tracts
Definition

long descending tracts of cord originating from neurons in many parts of the brain 

-end on the anterior horn or the cells that supply the anterior horn

Term
motor centers
Definition
groups of cells from which motor tracts originate in the brain
Term
lower motor neurons
Definition

located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord 

-receive connection from motor tracts that affect skeletal muscle 

-makes up the connection between skeletal muscle and spinal cord (final common path)

Term
reflex arc
Definition

-incoming sensory fibers that control an action reflex 

at the spinal level 

-connection with lower motor neurons

 

Term
contracture
Definition
shortening of a muscle
Term
rigidity
Definition
constant contraction resulting in inaccurate, weak movement and trembling when resting
Term
posterior root ganglion
Definition

swelling at the root produced by the accumulation of the cell bodies of the sensory fibers 

-emerges from between adjacent vertebrae 

Term
posterior ramus
Definition

supplies muscles and skin of back 

Term
anterior ramus
Definition
supplies muscles and skin of all parts of the body except back
Term
where the anterior/posterior ramus run close together and exchange branches such as In the thoracic region
Definition
Nerve Plexus
Term
segmental innervation
Definition
distribution of all motor and sensory nerve fibers from one spinal cord segment
Term
peripheral innervation
Definition
all sensory innervations provided by each named nerve
Term
dermatome
Definition
distribution of sensor fibers from one segment of the spinal cord to the skin
Term
ANS
Definition

-controls activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and certain glands

-part of the PNS

-influences body as a whole

 

Term
Autonomic centers/pathways
Definition
parts of the CNS that influence ANS activity
Term
sympathetic (nervous system)
Definition
fight or flight
Term
parasympathetic (nervous system)
Definition

everyday function

 

Term
preganglionic
Definition
ganglion located in the CNS - axon exits out and passes into the PNS
Term
postganglionic
Definition
position is outside of the CNS and connects to structure it innervates
Term
Lower Limb regions
Definition

Gluteal Region

hip (coxa)

Thigh(femoral)

Knee(genu)

popliteal region (region behind the knee) 

leg (crus)

Ankle (tarsus)

foot (pes)

Term
mesenchymal bud
Definition
developing limbs covered by thin layer of epithelium
Term
cartilaginous skeleton
Definition
developes from the mesenchyme of the bud along with the muscles
Term
what direction is the big toe side of the limb during development?
Definition

at first is directed cranially and the little toe caudally 

rotates in a medial direction with as development continues 

Term
femur
Definition

hip bone

articulates at the pubic symphysis 

Term
bony pelvis
Definition

includes sacrum

ilium

ischium

pubic bone 

pubic symphysis 

acetabulum 

obturator foramen

coccyx

Term
fibula
Definition
smaller bone on the lateral side of the leg
Term
tibia
Definition
larger bone on the medial side of the leg
Term
knee joint
Definition

hinge joint

articulates at the lower end of the femur and upper end of the tibia 

Term
ankle joint
Definition
hinge joint
Term
inversion of the foot
Definition
turns sole inward (soles touch)
Term
eversion of the foot
Definition
turn soles outward (weight falls on the inner border of the foot)
Term
pronate foot
Definition
foot that eversion predominates
Term
supine foot
Definition
foot that inversion predominates
Term
vagus
Definition
internal/medial bending
Term
valgus
Definition
outer/lateral bending
Term
pes valgus
Definition
outward bending of the foot
Term
coxa vara
Definition
internal /medial bent femur
Term
genu valgum
Definition
outward divergence of the leg (knock Kneed)
Term
equine varus
Definition
walking on toes (like a horse)
Term
extrinsic
Definition
muscle a long distance from the part that it moves
Term
Thigh muscles
Definition
act primarily at the knee
Term
leg muscles
Definition

act primarily at the ankles and toes 

 

Term
short muscles of the foot
Definition
act primarily at the toes
Term

femoral nerve

obturator nerve 

Definition
pass to the front and anteriomedial side of the thigh
Term
sciatic nerve
Definition

largest nerve in the body 

divides into the common fibular and tibial nerves

Term
Femoral Artery
Definition

-continuation of the iliac artery 

-runs anteriomedial through the thigh 

- goes down the posterior medial surface of the femur to reach the popliteal fossa

Term
popliteal artery
Definition

continuation of the femoral artery and divides into the 

anterior and posterior tibial arteries 

Term
great saphenous veins
Definition

-begins at the medial side of the foot 

passes proximally/anterior to the medial malleolus

- joins the femoral vein just below the inguinal ligament

Term
Small Saphenous vein
Definition

-begins on the lateral side of the foot

-passes posteriorly to the lateral malleolus 

-joins the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa 

Term
regions of the bony pelvis
Definition

hip bones

sacrum

coccyx

Term
bones in the hip
Definition

illium: wing; superior element 

ishium: poterior body 

pubis: anterior lower part 

Term
joints of the hip
Definition

pubic symphysis: interpubic disk

anteriorly unites hip bones

sacroiliac joint: joint cavity between the sacrum and ilium 

acetabulum: recepticle for the femur head 

Term
sacrospinous ligaments
Definition

sacrotuberous lig.: stretches from the sacrum to the coccyx to the ischial tuberosity

-broad 

sacrospinous lig.: converts the greater sciatic notch into the greater sciatic foramen

-short band

Term
movement of the pelvis
Definition

upward rotation 

downward rotation

lateral rotation (walking)

lateral tilting (raising one leg)

Term
movement of the hip joint
Definition

flexion

extension

abduction

adduction

circumduction

medial rotation

lateral rotation 

Term
iliofemoral ligament
Definition

attachs at the ilium below the anterior inferior iliac spine 

- covers most of the front of the joint 

-attaches to the front of the femur. 

-prevents undue extension at the joint

-maintains erect posture without constant muscular action

Term
ishiofemoral ligament
Definition

arises from the ishial rim of the acetabulum 

-helps make the extended position of the joint the most stable one 

 

Term

pubofemoral ligament 

 

Definition

attaches at the pubic portion of the acetabulum 

-prevents excess abduction of the femur

-assists the iliofemoral ligament in checking extension at the hip 

Term
nerves of the hip joint
Definition

femoral

obturator

accessory obturator 

 

Term
Landmarks of the Thigh
Definition

anterior superior illiac spine 

pubic tubercle 

patella ends of femur 

(lateral landmarks)

greater trochanter

(posterior) 

ischial tuberosity

poplieteal fossa (hollow area behind the knee)

Term
Anterior group (muscles of the thigh)
Definition

NERVE: Femoral 

ACTION: Flexion at the hip and extension at the knee 

Term

anteriomedial (adductor) group 

(muscles of the thigh) 

Definition

ACTION: adduction and flexion of the thigh 

NERVE: Obturator 

Term
Posterior group (muscles Of the thigh)
Definition

Extension and flexion at the knee

NERVE: Sciatic 

Term
patella
Definition
largest sesmoidal bone in the body
Term
patellar ligament
Definition
part of the quadraceps tendon between the patella and tibia
Term
oblique popliteal ligament
Definition

posterior; runs obliquely upward and lateral; formed from the semimembranosus tendon 

 

Term
arcuate popliteal ligament
Definition
posterior part of the capsule; strenghthens the hole where the popliteus muscle exits
Term
Collateral ligaments
Definition

fibular collateral ligament: medial/posterior 

tibial collateral ligament: lateral 

Term
menisci
Definition

semilunar cartilages in the medial and lateral parts of the joint cavity of the knee

-facilitate rotation at the knee 

Term
cruciate ligaments
Definition

posterior cruciate: arises from the posterior intercondyle area and attaches at the lateral side of the medial femoral condyle

anterior cruciate: arises from the anterior area between the tibial condyles and attaches to the back medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle

contributes to the stability of the knee  

Term
tibiofibular joint
Definition
plane type
Term
fascia lata
Definition
deep fascia of the thigh
Term
lumbar plexus
Definition

innervates the muscle and skin on the anterior medial side of the leg and foot 

-from T12 to L4 

 -lateral cutaneous nerve

-femoral nerve

-obturator nerve 

-posterior cutaneous nerve

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