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OB Test 1
professor colella
133
Management
Undergraduate 3
02/13/2011

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Term
Organizational Behavior
Definition
the actions of individuals and groups in an organizational context
Term
Managing Organizational Behavior
Definition
actions focused on acquiring, developing, and applying the knowledge and skills of people
Term
strategic OB Approach
Definition
an approach that involves organizing and managing people's knowledge and skills effectively to implement the organization's strategy and gain a competitive advantage
Term
productivity
Definition
the output of individuals and groups
Term
satisfaction
Definition
the feelings that individuals and groups have about their work and the workplace
Term
organizational success
Definition
defined in terms of competitive advantage and ultimately financial performance
Term
strategic leaders
Definition
people who think and act strategically, and are able to motivate people and build trusting relationships to help implement the organization's strategy
Term
associates
Definition
the workers who carry out the basic tasks
Term
organization
Definition
a collection of individuals forming a coordinated system of specialized activities for the purpose of achieving certain goals over an extended period of time
Term
human capital
Definition
the sum of the skills, knowledge, and general attributes of the people in an organization
Term
competitive advantage
Definition
an advantage enjoyed by an organization that can perform some aspect of its work better than competitors can or in a way that competitors cannot duplicate, such that it offers products/services that are more valuable to customers
Term
human capital value
Definition
the extent to which individuals are capable of producing work that supports an organization's strategy for competing in the marketplace; associates are capable of performing the basic work of the organization
Term
human capital rareness
Definition
the extent to which the skills and talents of an organization's people are unique in the industry
Term
human capital imitability
Definition
the extent to which the skills and talents of an organization's people cannot be coped by other organizations
Term
diversity
Definition
a characteristic of a group of people where differences exist on one or more relevant dimensions
Term
multicultural organization
Definition
an organization whose culture fosters and values differences
Term
plural organization
Definition
an organization that has a diverse workplace and takes steps to be inclusive and respectful of differences, but where diversity is tolerated rather than truly valued
Term
monolithic organization
Definition
an organization that is homogenous, has extreme occupation segregation, and discourages diversity
Term
prejudice
Definition
unfair negative attitudes we hold about people who belong to social or cultural groups other than our own
Term
discrimination
Definition
behavior that results in unequal treatment of individuals based on group membership
Term
modern racism
Definition
subtle forms of discrimination that can occur despite people knowing it is wrong to be prejudiced against other racial groups and despite believing they are not racist
Term
stereotyping
Definition
a generalized set of beliefs about the characteristics of a group of individuals
Term
social identity
Definition
a person's knowledge that he or she belongs to certain groups, where belonging to these groups has emotional significance
Term
ascribed status
Definition
status and power that is assigned by cultural norms and depends on group membership
Term
globalization
Definition
the trend toward a unified global economy where national borders mean relatively little
Term
culture
Definition
shared values and taken-for-granted assumptions that govern  acceptable behaviors and thought patterns in a country and give a country much of its uniqueness
Term
economic risks
Definition
relate to the fluctuation in the value of foreign currencies and the possibility of sudden economic contradiction in some countries
Term
political risks
Definition
relate to the instability in national governments, the threat of civil or international war, and the threat of state-sponsored terrorism.
Term
managerial risks
Definition
relate to the difficulties inherent in managing the complex resource flows required by most international firms.
Term
virtual electronic teams
Definition
teams that rely heavily on electronically mediated communication rather than face-to-face meetings as the means to coordinate work 
Term
swift trust
Definition
a phenomenon where trust develops rapidly based on positive, reciprocated task-related communications
Term
expatriate
Definition
an individual who leaves his or her home country to live and work in a foreign land
Term
culture shock
Definition
a stress reaction involving difficulties coping with the requirements of living in a new country 
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
the belief that one's culture is better than others 
Term
glass border
Definition
the unseen but strong discrimination barrier that blocks many women from opportunities for international assignments 
Term
high-context cultures
Definition
a type of culture where individuals use contextual cues to understand people and their communications and where individuals value trust and personal relationships 
Term
low-context cultures 
Definition
a type of culture where individuals rely on direct questioning to understand people and their communications and where individuals value efficiency and performance 
Term
monochronic time orientation 
Definition
a preference for focusing on one task per unit of time and completing that task in a timely fashion 
Term
polychronic time orientation 
Definition
a willingness to juggle multiple tasks per unit of time and to have interruptions, and an unwillingness to be driven by time
Term
cultural intelligence
Definition
the ability to separate the aspects of behavior that are based on culture from those unique to the individual or all humans in general 
Term
multidomestic strategy
Definition
a strategy by which a firm tailors its products and services to the needs of each country or region in which it operates and gives a great deal of power to the managers and associates in those countries or regions
Term
global strategy
Definition
a strategy by which a firm provides standard products and services to all parts of the world while maintaining a strong degree of central control in the home country
Term
transnational strategy
Definition
a strategy by which a firm tailors products and services to some degree to meet the need of different countries or regions of the world but also seeks some degree of standardization in order to keep costs reasonably low
Term
uncertainty avoidance
Definition
the degree to which members of a society wish to avoid unpredictable lives
Term
power distance
Definition
the degree to which members of a society expect power to be unequally distributed; the extent to which a country accepts and maintains power and status differences; the extent to which people seek order, consistency, structure, and formalized procedures and rules
Term
individualism
Definition
the degree to which members of a society are comfortable focusing on personal goals and being rewarded for personal efforts and outcomes
Term
assertiveness
Definition
the degree to which members of society are aggressive and confrontational 
Term
in-group collectivism 
Definition
indicates how much members of a society take pride in the groups and organizations to which they belong
Term
gender egalitarianism 
Definition
refers to equal opportunities for women and men
Term
future orientation
Definition
the degree to which members of the society value long-term planning and investing in the future
Term
performance orientation
Definition
the degree to which members of a society appreciate and reward improvement and excellence in schoolwork, athletics, and work life; the extent to which innovation, high standards, and performance improvement are encouraged and rewarded
Term
humane orientation 
Definition
the degree to which members of a society value generous, caring, altruistic behavior
Term
learning
Definition
a process through which individuals change their relatively permanent behavior based on positive or negative experiences in a situation
Term
operant conditioning theory
Definition
an explanation for consequence-based learning that assumes learning results from simple conditioning and that higher mental functioning is irrelevant
Term
social learning theory
Definition
an explanation for consequence-based learning that acknowledges the higher mental functioning of human beings and the role such functioning can play in learning
Term
law of effect (thorndike)
Definition
the likelihood of making a particular response in a given situation is determined by the consequences or effects of that response
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
a reinforcement contingency in which a behavior is followed by a positive consequence, thereby increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
a reinforcement contingency in which a behavior is followed by the withdrawal of a previously encountered negative consequence, thereby increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations 
Term
punishment
Definition
a reinforcement contingency in which a behavior is followed by a negative consequence, thereby reducing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations
Term
extinction 
Definition
a reinforcement contingency in which a behavior is followed by the absence of a previously encountered positive consequence, thereby reducing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations 
Term
continuous reinforcement
Definition
a reinforcement schedule in which a reward occurs after each instance of a behavior or set of behaviors 
Term
intermittent reinforcement
Definition
a reinforcement schedule in which a reward does not occur after each instance of a behavior or set of behaviors
Term
fixed interval (type of intermittent schedule)
Definition
with this schedule, a reinforcement becomes available only after a fixed period of time has passed since the previous reinforcement 
Term
variable interval (a type of intermittent schedule)
Definition
with this schedule, a reinforcement becomes available after a variable period of time has passed since the previous reinforcement
Term
fixed ratio (a type of intermittent schedule)
Definition
with this reinforcement schedule, a reinforcer is involved after the desired behavior has occurred a fixed number of times
Term
variable ratio (a type of intermittent schedule)
Definition
with this schedule, a reinforcement is introduced after the desired behavior has occurred a variable number of times
Term
self efficacy
Definition
an individual's belief that he or she will be able to perform a specific task in a given situation 
Term
perception
Definition
a process that involves sensing various aspects of a person, task, or event, and forming impressions based on selected inputs
Term
implicit person theories
Definition
personal theories about which personality traits and abilities occur together and how these attributes are manifested in behavior
Term
halo effect
Definition
a perception problem in which an individual assesses a person positively or negatively in all situations based on an existing general assessment of the person
Term
projecting
Definition
a perception problem in which an individual assumes the others share his or her values and beliefs
Term
stereotyping
Definition
a perception problem in which an individual bases perceptions about members of a group on a generalized set of beliefs about the characteristics of a group of individuals 
Term
consistency
Definition
the extent to which the same person behaves in the same manner in the same situation over time
Term
consensus
Definition
the degree to which other people in the same situation behave in the same manner
Term
distinctiveness
Definition
the degree to which the same person tends to behave differently in other situations
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
a perception problem in which an individual is too likely to attribute the behavior of others to internal rather than external causes 
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
a perception problem in which an individual is too likely to attribute the failure of others to internal causes and the successes of others to external causes, whereas the same individual will be too likely to attribute his own failure to external causes and his own successes to internal causes 
Term
personality
Definition
a stable set of characteristics representing internal properties of an individual, which are reflected in behavioral tendencies across a variety of situations
Term
extraversion
Definition
the degree to which an individual is outgoing and derives energy from being around people
Term
conscientiousness
Definition
the degree to which an individual focuses on goals and works toward them in a disciplined way
Term
agreeableness 
Definition
the degree to which an individual is easygoing and tolerant
Term
openness to experience
Definition
the degree to which an individual seeks new experiences and thinks creatively about the future
Term
cognitive properties
Definition
properties of individuals' perceptual and thought processes that affect how they typically process information
Term
motivational properties
Definition
stable differences in individuals that energize and maintain overt behavior 
Term
locus of control
Definition
the degree to which a person attributes control of events to self or external factors
Term
authoritarianism
Definition
the degree to which an individual believes in conventional values, obedience to authority, and legitimacy of power differences in society
Term
social dominance orientation
Definition
a general attitudinal orientation concerning whether one prefers social relationships to be equal or to reflect status differences
Term
self-monitoring
Definition
the degree to which an individual attempts to present the image he or she thinks others want to see in a given situation 
Term
achievement motivation 
Definition
the degree to which an individual desires to perform in terms of a standard of excellence or to succeed in competitive situations
Term
approval motivation
Definition
the degree to which an individual is concerned about presenting himself or herself in a socially desirable way in evaluative situations 
Term
intelligence
Definition
general mental ability used in complex information processing; the ability to develop and understand concepts 
Term
attitude
Definition
a persistent tendency to feel and behave in a favorable or unfavorable way toward a specific person, object, or idea
Term
cognitive element of an attitude
Definition
consists of the facts we have gathered about the object, person, or idea
Term
affective element of an attitude
Definition
refers to the feelings one has about the object or person and the degree to which one holds these feelings
Term
behavioral element of an attitude
Definition
the individual's intention to act in certain ways toward the object of the attitude
Term
affective commitment
Definition
organizational commitment due to one's strong positive attitudes toward the organization 
Term
normative commitment
Definition
organizational commitment due to feelings of obligation 
Term
continuance commitment
Definition
organizational commitment due to lack of better opportunities 
Term
emotions
Definition
complex subjective reactions that have both a physical and mental component
Term
emotional contagion
Definition
phenomenon where emotions experienced by one or few members of a work group spread to other members 
Term
emotional labor
Definition
the process whereby associates must display emotions that are contrary to what they are feeling
Term
emotional intelligence
Definition
the ability to accurately appraise one's own and others' emotions, effectively regulate, and use emotion to motivate plan and achieve
Term
self-awareness
Definition
associates with high___ understand how their feelings, beliefs, and behaviors affect themselves and others
Term
self-regulation
Definition
the ability to control one's emotions
Term
motivation and drive
Definition
(the same as achievement motivation)
Term
empathy
Definition
thoughtfully considering others' feelings when making decisions and weighting those feelings appropriately, along with other factors
Term
social skill
Definition
the ability to build effective relationships with the goal of moving people toward a desired outcome
Term
high-involvement management
Definition
involves carefully selecting and training associates and giving them significant decision making power, information, and incentive compensation 
Term
Motivation 
Definition
forces coming from within a person that account for the willful direction, intensity, and persistence of the person’s efforts toward achieving specific goals, where achievement is not due solely to ability or to environmental factors. 
Term
Hierarchy of Needs Theory 
Definition
Maslow’s theory that suggests that people are motivated by their desire to satisfy specific needs, and that needs are arranged in a hierarchy with physiological needs at the bottom and self actual needs at the top. People must satisfy needs at lower levels before being motivated by needs at higher levels. 
Term
ERG Theory 
Definition

·      Alderfer’s theory that suggests people are motivated by three hieratically ordered types of needs: Existence needs, Relatedness needs ,and  Growth needs 

Term
Need for Achievement 
Definition

 the need to perform well against a standard of excellence

Term
The Need for Affiliation 
Definition
the need to be liked and to stay on good terms with most other people 
Term
The Need for Power 
Definition
the desire to influence people and events
Term
Two Factor Theory 
Definition
Herzberg’s motivation theory that suggests that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not opposite ends of the same continuum but are independent states and that different factors affect satisfaction and dissatisfaction 
Term
motivators/satisfiers 
Definition
job factors that can influence job satisfaction but not dissatisfaction 
Term
hygienes/ dis-satisfiers 
Definition

  job factors that influence job dissatisfaction but not satisfaction

Term
Expectancy Theory 
Definition
Vroom’s theory that suggests that motivation is a function of an individual’s expectancy that a given amount of effort will lead to a particular level of performance, instrumentality judgments that indicate performance will lead to certain outcomes, and the valences of outcomes
Term
expectancy 
Definition
subjective probability that effort will lead to performance
Term
instrumentality 
Definition
the subjective probability that a given level of performance will lead to certain outcomes
Term
valence 
Definition

the anticipated satisfaction (value) with those outcomes

Term
Equity Theory 
Definition
a theory that suggests motivation is based on a person’s assessment of the ratio of outcomes she receives for inputs on the job compared to the same ratio for a comparison other
Term
organizational citizenship behaviors 
Definition
an associate’s willingness to engage in organizationally important behaviors that go beyond prescribed job duties 
Term
distributive justice 
Definition

the degree to which people think outcomes are fair

Term
procedural justice 
Definition
the degree to which people think the procedures used to determine outcomes are fair 
Term
goal setting theory 
Definition
a theory that suggests challenging and specific goals increase human performance because they affect attention, effort, and persistence 
Term
job enlargement 
Definition
the process of making a job more motivating by adding tasks that are similar in complexity relative to the current tasks
Term
job enrichment 
Definition
the process of making a job more motivating by increasing responsibility
Term
skill variety 
Definition
the degree to which associates utilize a broad array of skills in doing the jobs
Term
task identity 
Definition
the extent to which job performance results in an identifiable piece of work. 
Term
task significance 
Definition
the extent to which a job has an impact on the organization
Term
autonomy 
Definition
the associate has the independence to schedule his or her own work and influence the procedures with which it is carried out
Term
feedback
Definition
involves obtaining accurate information about performance
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