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OB Midterm #2
OB Midterm #2 BYU
120
Business
Undergraduate 3
03/05/2012

Additional Business Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Intelligence
Definition
An individuals capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
Term
Personality
Definition
The combination of stable physical and mental characteristics that give the individual his or her identity
Term
The Big Five Personality Dimensions
Definition
(OCEAN Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (emotion)
Term
Extraversion
Definition
Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive
Term
Agreeableness
Definition
Trusting, good-natured, easy to get along
Term
Conscientiousness
Definition
Dependable, responsible, persistent, task-oriented
Term
Emotional Stability (Neuroticism)
Definition
Relaxed, secure, unworried
Term
Openness to Experience
Definition
Intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad-minded
Term
Proactive Personality
Definition
Someone who is relatively unconstrained by situational forces and who effects environmental change. Proactive people identify opportunities and act on them, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs
Term
Core self-evaluation
Definition
A broad personality trait compromised of four narrower individual personality traits:

1) Self-esteem

2) Generalized self-efficacy

3) Locus of control

4) Emotional Stability
Term
Self-Esteem
Definition
A belief about one's own self-worth based on an overall self-evaluation
Term
Self-Efficacy
Definition
A person's belief about his or her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task
Term
Learned Helplessness
Definition
The severely debilitating belief that one has no control over one's environment. This is chronically low self-efficacy.
Term
Internal Locus of Control
vs.
External Locus of Control
Definition
Believe you have control over the events and consequences that affect your life

vs.

Believe your performance is the product of circumstances beyond your immediate control
Term
Emotional Stability
Definition
Individuals with high levels of this tend to be relaxed, secure, unworried, and less likely to experience negative emotions under pressure
Term
Attitude
Definition
A learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object
Term
Affective Component
Definition
A component of an attitude that contains the feelings or emotions one has about a given object or situation
i.e. How I feel about people who talk in the library loudly
Term
Cognitive Component
Definition
Reflects the evaluation or belief one has about an object or situation
i.e. What I think about people who talk in the library loudly
Term
Behavioral Component
Definition
How one intends or expects to act toward someone or something.
i.e. How I intend on responding to people who loudly talk in the library
Term
Cognitive Dissonance
Definition
The psychological discomfort a person experiences when his or her attitudes or beliefs are incompatible with his or her behavior.
Term
Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior
Definition
Three determinants of intention:
1)Attitude toward the behavior
2)Subjective Norm (social pressure)
3) Perceived Behavioral Control (ease or difficulty in performing the behavior)

These three lead to the intention, which then leads to behavior.
Term
Emotions
Definition
Complex, relatively brief responses to particular information or experiences that change psychological and/or physiological states
Term
Emotional Intelligence
Definition
The ability to manage oneself and one's relationships in mature and constructive ways.
Term
Motivation
Definition
The psychological processes that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed.
Term
Needs
Definition
Psychological or physiological deficiencies that arouse behavior
Term
Need for Achievement
Need for Affiliation
Need for Power
Definition
- To accomplish something difficult
- People that prefer to spend more time maintaining social relationships, joining groups, and wanting to be loved.
- Desire to influence, coach, teach, or encourage others to achieve
Term
Job Design
Definition
Any set of activities that involves the alteration of specific jobs or interdependent systems of jobs with the intent of improving the quality of employee job experience and their on-the-job productivity
Term
Scientific Management
Definition
The kind of business management which conducts a business or affairs by standards established by facts or truths gained through systematic observation, experiment, or reasoning
Term
Job Enlargement
Definition
Inputting more variety into a worker's job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty
Term
Job Rotation
Definition
Moving employees from one specialized job to another
Term
Job Enrichment
Definition
A) Motivators - Move a person from a state of no satisfaction to satisfaction. Achievement, responsibility, and advancement

B) Hygiene Factors - Move a person from dissatisfaction to no dissatisfaction. Salary, relationships with supervisors, working conditions, etc.
Term
Intrinsic Motivation
Definition
Occurs when an individual is "turned on to one's work because of the positive internal feelings that are generated by doing well, rather than being dependent on external factors (such as incentive pay or compliments from the boss) for the motivation to work effectively"
Term
Core Job Characteristics
Definition
Common characteristics found to a varying degree in all jobs
Term
Job Crafting
Definition
The physical and cognitive changes individuals make in the task or relational boundaries of their work. i.e. 1) Change the number, scope, and type of job tasks, 2) Change the quality and/or amount of interaction with others in the job, 3) Change cognitive task boundaries
Term
Idiosyncratic Deals (i-deals)
Definition
Employment terms individuals negotiate for themselves, taking myriad forms from flexible schedules to career development
Term
Employee Engagement
Definition
The harnessing of organization members' selves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during role performance.
Term
PE Fit
Definition
The compatibility between an individual and a work environment that occurs when their characteristics are well matched
Term
Job Satisfaction
Definition
An affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job
Term
Met Expectations
Definition
Represent the difference between what an individual expects to receive from a job, such as good pay and promotional opportunities, what he or she actually receives.
Term
Value Attainment
Definition
The satisfaction results from the perception that a job allows for fulfillment of an individual's important work values
Term
Causes of Job Satisfaction
Definition
Need Fulfillment, Discrepancies, Value Attainment, Equity, Dispositional/Genetic Components
Term
Major Correlates and Consequences of Job Satisfaction
Definition
Motivation, Job Involvement, Organizational Commitment (the extent an individual identifies with and is committed to an organization, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Withdrawal Cognitions, Turnover, Perceived Stress, Job Performance
Term
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs)
Definition
Employee Behaviors that are beyond the call of duty
Term
Withdrawal Cognitions
Definition
Represent an individual's overall thoughts and feelings about quitting
Term
Dual Career Ladder
Definition
A career development plan that allows upward mobility for employees without requiring that they move to supervisory or managerial positions
Term
Counterproductive Work Behaviors
Definition
Types of behavior that harm employees, the organization as a whole, or organizational stakeholders such as customers and shareholders. i.e. theft, gossiping, abuse, etc.
Term
Equity Theory
Definition
A model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships
Term
Negative Inequity
Definition
A person enjoys greater outcomes for similar inputs. Someone else other than you is getting a better reward.
Term
Positive Inequity
Definition
A person enjoys a greater outcome to input ratio that that of a relevant co-worker. You get more than the other employee for the same work.
Term
Distributive Justice
Definition
The perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed or allocated
Term
Procedural Justice
Definition
The perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions
Term
Interactional Justice
Definition
The quality of the interpersonal treatment people receive when procedures are implemented
Term
Expectancy Theory
Definition
People are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes

Effort --> Performance --> Outcome

If you want to run a marathon, then your effort is study/training. The second part is performance to outcome. If I improve my performance, then I might win the marathon (outcome)
Term
Expectancy
Definition
A effort --> Performance perception… Effort will be followed by a level of performance
Term
Instrumentality
Definition
A performance --> Outcome perception…An outcome is dictated by a specific level of performance.
Term
Valence
Definition
The positive or negative value people place on outcomes
Term
Goal
Definition
What an individual is trying to accomplish; it is the object or aim of an action
Term
Management by Objectives
Definition
Management system that incorporates participation in decision making, goal setting, and objective feedback.
Term
What do goals do?
Definition
Direct attention, regulate effort, increase persistence, development and application of task strategies and action plans
Term
Action Plan
Definition
Outlines the activities or tasks that need to be accomplished in order to obtain a goal
Term
Goal Commitment
Definition
The extent to which an individual is personally committed to achieving a goal.
Term
Feedback
Definition
Information about individual or collective performance shared with those in a position to improve the situation. Feedback enhances the effect of goals...
Term
Performance Feedback
Definition
An organization wide system whereby managers integrate the activities of goal setting, monitoring and evaluating; providing feedback and coaching; and rewarding employees on a continuous basis.
Term
Two Functions of Feedback
Definition
Instructional (clarifies roles or teaches new behaviors) and Motivational (serves as a reward or promise of a reward)
Term
Three Sources of Feedback
Definition
Others, Task, and Self
Term
Upward Feedback
Definition
Stands the traditional approach on its head by having lower-level employees provide feedback on a manager's style and performance.
Term
360-Degree Feedback
Definition
Letting individuals compare their own perceived performance with behaviorally specific (and usually anonymous) performance information from their manager, subordinates, and peers
Term
Total Rewards
Definition
Encompass not only compensation and benefits, but also personal and professional growth opportunities and a motivating work environment that includes recognition, job design, and work-life balance.
Term
Extrinsic Rewards
Definition
Financial, material, and social rewards that come from the environment.
Term
Intrinsic Rewards
Definition
Psychic rewards that are self-granted.
Term
Distribution Criteria
Definition
The distribution of rewards can be based on performance: results, performance: actions and behaviors, and nonperformance considerations.
Term
Pay for Performance
Definition
Monetary incentives linking at least some portion of the paycheck directly to results or accomplishments.
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
Behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated, while behavior with unfavorable consequences tends to disappear
Term
Respondent Behavior
Definition
Unlearned reflexes or stimulus-response (S-R) connections. This accounts for a small portion of human behavior such as shedding tears while peeling an onion or reflexively removing your hand from a hot stove.
Term
Operant Behavior
Definition
Behavior that is learned when one "operates on" the environment to produce desired consequences (R-S).
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
The process of strengthening a behavior by contingently presenting something pleasing
Giving 100% of bonuses based on safety ratings...
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
Strengthens a desired behavior by contingently withdrawing something displeasing
Stop yelling once a person does what you want.
Term
Punishment
Definition
The process of weakening behavior through either the contingent presentation of something displeasing or the contingent withdrawal of something positive.
Term
Extinction
Definition
Weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced
Not returning someone's calls to get them to leave you alone.
Term
Continuous Reinforcement
Definition
Every instance a target behavior is reinforced in a CRF schedule.
Turning on your computer reinforces the idea that it works.
Weakness: If it breaks, it goes extinct very quickly
Term
Intermittent Reinforcement
Definition
Involves reinforcement of some but not all instances of a target behavior.
Fixed Ratio: Piece-rate pay, bonuses tied to the scale of a fixed # of units
Variable Ratio: Slot machines that give at variable lever pulls
Fixed Interval: Paychecks

Variable Interval: Random supervisor praise and pats on the back
Term
Shaping
Definition
The process of reinforcing closer and closer approximations to a target behavior
Term
Window Dressing
Definition
Improving numbers once the quarterly results reports need to be reported
Term
Conflict
Definition
A process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party
Term
Functional Conflict
Definition
Constructive or cooperative conflict characterized by consultative interactions, a focus on the issues, mutual respect, and useful give and take
Term
Dysfunctional Conflict
Definition
Conflict that threatens the organization's interests
Term
Personality Conflict
Definition
Interpersonal opposition based on personal dislike and/or disagreement
Term
Intergroup Conflict &
Cross-Cultural Conflict
Definition
...
Term
Work-family Conflict
Definition
When the demands of one's work role conflict with those of the family role
Term
Programmed Conflict
Definition
Conflict that raises different opinions regardless of the personal feelings of the managers. The way to fight this is through having someone play the devil's advocate to stimulate conversation and understanding, and to use the dialectic method to also stimulate conversation
Term
Devil's Advocacy
Definition
Involves assigning someone the role of critic
Term
Dialectic Method
Definition
Calls for managers to foster a structured debate of opposing viewpoints prior to making a decision
Term
Integrating
Definition
Problem solving. Confront the issue, identify the problem, weigh alternatives, and select a solution. High concern for self, high concern for others
Term
Obliging
Definition
Smoothing. Encourages cooperation, minimizing the differences, and highlighting similarities. Low concern for self, high concern for others
Term
Dominating (Forcing)
Definition
High concern for self, low concern for others. It gets things done very quick, but it is bad for open, participative climates
Term
Avoiding
Definition
Low concern for self, low concern for others. It buys time, but it is only a temporary fix that will need to be addressed later
Term
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Definition
According to a pair of Canadian labor lawyers, is that it uses faster, more user-friendly methods of dispute resolution, instead of traditional, adversarial approaches (such as unilateral decision making or litigation)
Term
Negotiation
Definition
A give-and-take decision-making process involving interdependent parties with different preferences
Term
Distributive Negotiation
Definition
1) Distributive
a. Involves a single issue, in which one person gains at the expense of another
Term
Integrative Negotiation
Definition
Involves multiple issues and an agreement can be found that is better for both parties than what they would have reached through distributive negotiation
Term
Added-Value Negotiation (AVN)
Definition
The negotiating parties cooperatively develop multiple deal packages while building a productive long-term relationship
Term
Economic Value
Definition
Things like salary and bonuses
Term
Subjective Value
Definition
The social and psychological consequences of negotiations, such as the emotions and perceptions of the process, people, and outcomes
Term
The Four Stages of Rational Decision Making
Definition
1) Identify problem/opportunity
2) Find alternatives
3) Evaluate alternatives and select a solution
4) Implement and evaluate the solution
Term
Problem
Definition
when an actual situation and a desired situation differ
Term
Opportunity
Definition
A situation in which there are possibilities to do things that lead to results that exceed goals and expectations
Term
Optimizing
Definition
Solving problems by producing the best possible solution
Term
Nonrational models of decision making
Definition
Attempt to explain how decisions actually are made
Term
Simon's Normative Model & Bounded Rationality & Satisficing
Definition
Represents the notion that decision makers are "bounded" or restricted by a variety of constraints when making decisions

______ consists of choosing a solution that meets some minimum qualifications, one that is "good enough"
Term
The Garbage Can Model
Definition
Decisions result from complex interaction between four independent streams of events: problems, solutions, participants, and choice opportunities
Term
Judgmental Heurisitics
Definition
Rules of thumb or shortcuts that people use to reduce information-processing demands
Term
Availability Heuristic
Definition
Base choice by what we have already seen or observed. We think there are more traffic accident deaths than poor exercise deaths because more advertising and news is based on traffic accidents
Term
Representativeness Heuristic
Definition
When people estimate the probability of an event occurring based on previous impressions or similar occurences
Term
Confirmation Bias
Definition
You decide something is right before investigating it, and then seek only for information that supports your choice.
Term
Anchoring Bias
Definition
Decision makers are influenced by the first information received about a decision, even if it is irrelevant.
Term
Overconfidence Bias
Definition
We are overconfident about our estimates and forecasts.
Term
Hindsight Bias
Definition
Occurs when knowledge of an outcome influences our belief about the probability that we could have predicted the outcome earlier. "I told you so" is the common phrase.
Term
Framing Bias
Definition
How you frame a question or statement changes how people perceive the outcome.
Term
Escalation of Commitment Bias
Definition
The tendency to stick to an ineffective course of action when it is unlikely that the bad situation can be reversed. Investing more money on a broken car is an example.
Term
Evidence-based Decision Making (EBDM)
Definition
1) Identify problem
2) Gather internal evidence or data
3) Gather external evidence or data
4) Gather views of stakeholders and consider ethical implications
5) Integrate all data and then make a decision
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