Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Nutrition
Test 1
125
Science
Undergraduate 2
09/08/2007

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
nutrition
Definition
The science of food, the nutrients, and the substances therein, their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease, and the process by which the [human] organisms ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, utilizies, and excretes food
Term
• Heart disease, cancer, and stroke are the top 3 leading causes of death, and these are nutrition related. (Diabetes also is on there)
Definition
Why is nutrition important?
Term
essential nutrients
Definition
**must be consumed in diet
• When omitted from the diet there is a decline in biological function
• If the nutrient is restored to the diet, prior to permanent damage, biological function will resume
• The specific biological function of a nutrient within the body must be identified
o Ex: not eating vitamin C will cause scurvy (citrus, potatoes)
Term
• Provide energy (sports, class, etc)
• Build, maintain, and repair tissue
• Regulate body processes
Definition
what is teh purpose of nutrients?
Term
carbs (CHO), lipids (fats/oils), proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water
Definition
What are the six classes of nutrients?
Term
fiber
Definition
**essential non-nutrient
necessary for proper transport/excretion for waste in the body
o constipation/toxicity if not enough of this
o it’s chemical structure is a carb, but the way it is structured, we cannot digest it or break it down.
Term
nutrition
Definition
"chemistry in action"
Term
foods
Definition
"mixtures of chemicals"
Term
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Definition
elements found in proteins
Term
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Definition
elements found in carbs and lipids
Term
C6H1206
Definition
chemical form for monosaccharide
Term
organic compounds
Definition
compounds that must contain carbon
Term
inorganic compounds
Definition
compounds that contain no carbon (mg, iron) ex: minerals
Term
circulatory system
Definition
• The body’s transportation System
o Nutrients—energy source for CNS
o Wastes
o Regulators
o oxygen
Term
fact
Definition
• Results from application of the scientific method and can withstand replication and peer review
Term
quackery
Definition
• “the promotion FOR PROFIT of special goods, products, processes, or appliances with false or misleading health or therapeutic claims.
o Ex: drink this shake, lose 10 pounds over weekend
***consequences: delay or prevent medical care, loss of money
Term
food fads
Definition
• “unreasonable or exaggerated beliefs that foods or supplements or their components may cure disease, convey special health benefits, or offer quick weight loss.”
Term
television (72%)
Definition
where people get the biggest source of nutrition information
Term
• claims sound too good to be true
• quick fix
• warnings of danger about a single product
• lists of “good” and “bad” foods (We can eat all of it….we just can’t eat some of it ALL the time, bc it’s not very unhealthy)
• refute statements of reliable
Definition
What are the 10 Red Flags of Junk Science?
Term
testimony
Definition
type of proof

o Personal stories
• Are they convincing? Is there any scientific evidence?
Term
epidemiologic study
Definition
type of proof
o Frequency and distribution of diseases in populations
• Involves People in the real world, hard to control
• Ex: males over 6 ft tall have more knee trouble
**two types: case control and cohort
Term
case control (type of epidemiolgic study)
Definition
match study group with a healthy group (control who is in study)
? look for factors that differ and could cause disease
? ex: same intervention tested on 2 groups—one group has diabetes, one is healthy
Term
cohort (type of epidemiologic study)
Definition
follow people over a period of time to see who develops the disease and who doesn’t
? ask questions about habits, exposures, and intakes
? ex: males over 6 ft tall—see who develops knee problems
Term
o Tightly controlled
o May not reflect daily life
Definition
problems with Test tube or animal experiments (basic research)
Term
clinical trial
Definition
• People agree to follow a specific regimen
o Experimental group: receives treatment
o Control group: receives placebo
• Controlled setting, but….
• You cant generalize the results
o Ex: if you do a study with rats, and you find that high fat diets give you more energy….you have to wait to test that on humans before you generalize the results
Term
blinded trial
Definition
type of control: participants do not know what treatment they are receiving
Term
double blind trial
Definition
type of control; netiher participants nor researchers know the treatment given or received (neither group knows who received placebos/supplements)
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
• Energy—provide 4kcal for every gram we consume
• Main fuel source for many cells, ****They are the only source for brain and Central Nervous system
Term
monosaccharides
Definition
building blocks of carbohydrates
**ex: glucose, fructose, galactose
**it's a simple sugar
Term
disaccharide
Definition
monosaccharide + monosaccharide
**ex: sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose
*** it's a simple sugar
Term
simple sugars, complex sugars, and fiber
Definition
types of carbohydrates
Term
monosaccharides, disaccharides
Definition
types of simple sugars
Term
starch, glycogen
Definition
types of complex sugars
Term
starch
Definition
a carb made of multipel units of glucose attached togehter in a form the body can digest; also known as complex carbohydrate.
**found in plants
amylopectin--the more places it branches off, the more places we can break it down
Term
glycogen
Definition
a carb made of multiple units of glucose with a highly branched structure, sometimes known as animal starch. it's the storage form of glucose in humans and is synthesized (and stored in very small quantities) in the liver and muscles
***we use this up very quickly when we exercise
Term
primary sugar in diet is sucrose (disaccharide, a table sugar), and it is made up of glucose and fructose (which are monosaccharides)
Definition
primary sugar in the diet and what is it made of
Term
Fiber
Definition
(the essential non-nutrient: we don’t digest it, only consume it. It aids in transport, excretion of waste)
***substances in plant food that are not digested by the processes that take place in the stomach or smnall intestine. These add bulk to feces.
**two types: soluble and insoluble
Term
dietary fiber.
Definition
fibers naturally found in foods
Term
soluble fiber
Definition
**fibers that either dissolve or swell when put into water, readily fermented by baceteria, found in salad dressings, jams, jellies, etc
****like a cotton ball in water (it may change its shape slightly, but if I left it there until Weds, there will still be a glob of cotton left in there…it won’t dissolve completely)
• Pectins
• Gums
***gums and pectins are from in and around plants cells
Term
insoluble fiber
Definition
***fiber that doesn't readily dissolve in water and is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria
Term
amylopectin
Definition
a digestible branched chain type of starch composed of glucose units; a type of starch
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
process by which plants use energy from the sun to synthesize energy-yielding energy
***6 molecules of carbon dioxide combine with 6 molecules of water to form one molecule of glucose
Term
maltose
Definition
glucose bonded to glucose
Term
glucose
Definition
o the major monosaccharide in the body
o also known as dextrose
o when circulating in the blood, it may be called “Blood sugar”
o derived from breakdown of starches and sucrose (table sugar)
o source of fuel for the body cells
Term
fructose
Definition
o Also called fruit sugar as it is found in fruit
o Most common source in the diet is high fructose corn syrup (soda, baked goods, etc)
o Bonds with glucose to form sucrose (table sugar)
Term
galactose
Definition
o Almost same structure as glucose
o Not found in large quantities in the food supply
o Most commonly found bonded to glucose to form lactose (milk sugar)
o C6H1206, six carbon monosaccharide that usually exists in a ring form
Term
disaccharides
Definition
• form when two monosaccharides (bldg blocks) are bonded together
• all contain glucose
Term
sucrose
Definition
made of glucose +fructose
o Table sugar
o Found in sugarcane, sugar beets, honey, and maple sugar.
o Only plants produce sucrose
Term
lactose
Definition
made of glucose + galactose
o Milk sugar, formed mainly in milk products
o Some people are lactose intolerant and drink Lactaid, some people are able to slowly integrate lactose into their diet
Term
maltose
Definition
made of glucose + glucose
o Malt sugar
o Found in beer and alcoholic beverages
Term
all disaccharides have to have glucose
Definition
What must a disaccharide have?
Term
polysaccharides
Definition
many sugar units bonded together (up to 1000 or more)
• also known as starches or complex carbohydrates
• these are good for us because they take a long time to break down since there are many units bonded together.
o this gives us energy for a longer period of time
• amylose—straight chain of glucose
• amylopectin—glucose chains from plants
Term
glycogen, fiber
**ex: amylose, amylopectin
Definition
types of polysaccharides (aka complex sugars)
Term
amylose
Definition
straight chain of starch composed of glucose units (straight chain of glucose)
Term
amylopectin
Definition
branched glucose chain from plants (a digestible branched chain type of starch composed of glucose units)
Term
glycogen
Definition
***Type of polysaccharide (complex sugar)
this is how we want to store glucose in our body…it’s very complex. We don’t store a lot of it, but it’s there. Very important for endurance athletes
• NOT present in the diet
• made by the liver and the muscles
• used during exercise when the fuel is needed
• Branched chain structure aids in breakdown to increase its availability for energy (the more branches, the longer it takes to break down)
• If animals store this as a source of carbohydrates, then why are animal proteins NOT a good source of carbohydrates
o The animal uses it while it’s living, and then it breaks down after they die.
Term
glycogen, fiber
Definition
types of polysaccharides (aka complex carbs or starch)
Term
fiber
Definition
• Differs from starch as the individual units cannot be digested because of how they are bonded together
o Prevents constipation
o Aids in the prevention of diverticulosis and diverticulitis
Term
insoluble fiber
Definition
o All contribute to the structural integrity of the plant
• For example, the woody fibers in broccoli are partly lignin (the longer it grows, the woodier it gets and loses its flavor)
• Not easily dissolved in water or metabolized by intestinal bacteria
• Types:
? Cellulose
? Hemicellulose
? Lignin (a non carbohydrate)
o Ex: Whole grains:
• Good sources of fiber
• Contain the bran layer or outer covering of the grain
• Bran is rich in hemicellulose and lignin
• Whole grain cereals (oatmeal, total, etc) has a lot of fiber
Term
soluble fiber
Definition
• Found in and around plant cells
• Soluble fiber can be fermented by bacteria in the large intestine
• Found in food stuffs such as salad dressing, frozen desserts, jams, and jellies
• Types:
? pectin
? gums
? mucilages
Term
diverticulosis
Definition
• Pouches (diverticula) on the large intestine wall exist
• Fiber prevents these pouches from forming
Term
divericulitis
Definition
• Food accumulates in the pouches and becomes inflamed
• Inflammation is caused by acid produced by bacteria within the pouches
• Like a GARDEN HOSE--Food may get stuck in pockets, and the opening gets pinched off and the food gets stuck there
Term
alternative sweeteners
Definition
o Provide very few or no calories
o Splenda: 600x sweeter than sucrose
o Neotame: 7000 to 13000x sweeter than sucrose
Term
nutritive sweeteners
Definition
sweetners that provide calories to teh body
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
What is the only nutrient that will begin the digestion process in the mouth?
Term
amylase
Definition
the only enzyme that is secreted in teh mouth, aids in teh digestion of carbohydrates
Term
glucose and galactose...they are pumped into the absorptive cells along with the sodium.
Definition
Which sugars utilize (undergo) active absorption?
Term
active absorption
Definition
process that requires a specific carrier and energy input in orderfor the subnstance to be taken up by the absorptive cells in the small intestine; galactose and glucose under go this.
Term
fructose
Definition
this sugar is taken up by the absorptive cells via facilitated absorption
Term
to provide energy for the body
Definition
main function of carbs
Term
PROTEIN SPARING EFFECT
Definition
• CHO “spares” protein from being used as energy (when a diet supplies enough digestible carbs to prevent breakdown of proteins for energy needs)
• Need a minimum of 100g/day CHO for maximum protein sparing (400 calories)
Term
ketone bodies
Definition
products of incomplete breakdown of fat containing 3 or 4 carbons, these are used by brain as energy during starvation (BUT THEY ARE SUPPOSED TO BE USING CARBS)
Term
45-65% of calories, 130 g for adults
Definition
what is reccommended daily intake for carbs?
Term
insulin
Definition
hormone produced by the pancreas which attaches to cells, pulls glucose from bloodstream into the cells and uses it as energy and
***also increases synthesis of glycogen….this decreases blood glucose
**also increases teh movemment of glucose from the bloodstream into body cells
Term
type 1 diabetes
Definition
o 5-10% of all cases
o often begins in late childhood but can occur at any age
o cause: pancreas does not produce adequate insulin
• often an autoimmune disorder
o treated with insulin therapy (shots or pumps)
Term
type 2 diabetes
Definition
o Traditional onset after age 40
• Now more cases in young people
o Cause:
• Genetic disposition
• Overweight and obesity
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Ethnicity
o Treated with diet and lifestyle modification, insulin, medication
Term
hypoglycemia
Definition
low blood glucose, below 40 to 50 mg per 100 ml of blood
Term
70-100 mg per 100 ml, maybe up to 120
Definition
average blood glucose level
Term
diabetes
Definition
when your insulin releases later...so you eat, insulin in the blood declines, and blood glucose rises. they peak at about 260 mg an hour after a meal...non diabetics peak at 150 mg about 1/2 hr after a meal
Term
functions of proteins
Definition
• Maintenance and Regulation
o Blood clotting
o Fluid balance
o Vision
o Cell repair
• Building Lean muscle mass
• Builiding enzymes
• Hormones (some)
• Antibodies
• Nutrient transport (lipoproteins)
• Energy—provides 4 kcal/gram
Term
amino acids
Definition
• Building blocks of proteins (22 in all…half are essential, half non)
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
o TEST QUESTION: Different from carbs and lipids because it has NITROGEN!
• these are bonded together by peptide bonds
Term
essential proteins
Definition
o 9 amino acids
o MUST be consume in the diet
o Cannot be formed in the body or cannot be formed quickly enough to meet needs
Term
non-essential proteins
Definition
11 amino acids, CAN be produced in the diet
Term
complete (high quality) proteins
Definition
o Proteins that contain all 9 essential amino acids
Term
incomplete (lower quality) proteins
Definition
o Proteins that lack one or more of the essential amino acids
Term
limiting amino acid
Definition
• The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to needs
o Ex: if you need even amt of green, red, and yellow blocks to build a structure, but if you run out of green, you can’t build it
Term
complementary proteins
Definition
• Two protein sources that make up for each other’s inadequate supply of essential amino acids
o By consuming the two foods together, you receive all of the essential amino acids
o Eat them together or Within 3-4 hours of eachother
• Ex: red beans and rice, green beans and almonds, corn tortillas and beans, green peas and sunflower seeds, peanuts/rice/black-eyed peas)
Term
• Meat, poultry, fish
• Dried beans
• Eggs
• Nuts
• Milk, yogurt, cheese
Definition
Waht are some food sources of protein?
Term
IN THE STOMACH....proteins are first broekn down by stomach acid, then pepsin (a major enzyme for digesting proteins)
Definition
Where does digestion of protein begin?
Term
kwashiorkor
Definition
o Usually seen in young children, 3rd world
o Moderate calorie deficit, but severe protein deficit
o Symptoms:
• Infections
• Edema (especially around abdomen)
? This is retention of water
• Poor growth
• Weakness
? We don’t have muscle mass, strength
Term
marasmus
Definition
o Seen also in adults and children
o Severe calorie and protein deficiency
o “matchstick” limbs
o little or no fat stores
o little muscle mass
o poor strength
o death from infection common (no enzymes or antibodies to fight infection)
Term
functions of lipids
Definition
• Energy—provide 9kcal per gram (more than 2x as many as carbs)
• Insulation
• Cell structure (also inside of cells)
• Fat-soluble vitamin transport
• Satiety and sensory value
o If we consume a diet that is richer in fat, we feel fuller and more satisfied
Term
fatty acid
Definition
• Simplest form of lipid
• Chemically it is made of:
o A long chain of carbons
o Surrounded by hydrogens
o An acid group at the alpha end
o A methyl group at the omega end
***types: saturated, unsaturated
Term
saturated fatty acid
Definition
o when All carbons atoms are joined by single bonds (C—C)
Term
unsaturated fatty acid
Definition
o when one (mono) or more (poly) of the carbon atoms are joined by a double bond (C=C)
o Most are in the cis form
• Cis form causes backbone of molecule to bend (of an oleic acid)
Term
hydrogenation
Definition
o Process in which hydrogen atoms are added back to unsaturated fatty acids (becomes semi-solid state)
o The process increases the solidity of a fat/oil and the shelf life of the product (es: salad dressing, margarine)
o Results in the production of trans fatty acids
• In elaidic acid
**health implication
Term
essential fatty acids
Definition
o FA that must be consumed in the diet
o Bc they cannot be formed within the body
o A) linoleic acid (omega-6)
o B) linolenic (omega-3)
• ***KNOW THESE
Term
linoleic acid (omega-6), linolenic (omega-3)
Definition
types of fatty acids
Term
fatty acids, triglycerides, sterols, phospholipids
Definition
types of lipids
Term
trigylcerides
Definition
• 90-95% of all lipids in this form
• composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol “backbone”
o glycerol is an alcohol
• Majority are in unsaturated form?
• most common form of lipid in the diet
• found in fats and oils
• Form used to transport fatty acids through the body
o Fatty acids can also be attached to protein
***used for energy storage, insulation, and transportation of fat soluble vitamins
Term
sterols
Definition
•type of lipid
many types
• a multi-ring (steroid) structure with a hydroxyl group (-OH)
Term
phospholipid
Definition
**type of fatty acid
• many types
• consists of phosphorous, fatty acids, and a nitrogen containing base
• essential within every cell
• our focus for this class will be on lecithin
Term
animal fats, (palm and coconut oils also are examples of unsaturated fats from plants)
Definition
what are the primary source of saturated fats in north american diet?
Term
phospholipids
Definition
• Found in wheat germ, peanuts, egg yolk, soy beans, and organ meats
• Lecithin is found in egg yolk
• Used as an emulsifier
Term
emulsifier
Definition
o A compound which can suspend oil in water by isolating the fat
o Ex: used in salad dressing
**ex: lecithin
Term
cholesterol (type of sterol)
Definition
• Found only in animal foods
• Main dietary source is meat and whole milk
• also manufactured within the body
• Fiber can bind to this and remove it from the body
Term
water, starch derivatives, fiber/gum fibers, engineered fats and related products
Definition
types of fat replacements
Term
starch derivative
Definition
type of fat replacement,
o Bind water
o Replaces some of the “mouth feel”
Term
fiber/gum fibers
Definition
type of fat replacement, o Thickens the product and adds body
Term
engineered fats and related products
Definition
type of fat
o Bonding fatty acids to another chemical substance which cannot be digested
o Ex: Olestra
Term
lipase
Definition
secreted by the stomach, breaks down lipids. Pancreas also releases this
Term
bile
Definition
o Produced in the liver
o Stored in the gallbladder
o Emulsifies the lipids in digestive fluids, aids in fat digestion and absorption
Term
short chain FA
Definition
o Absorbed directly into the portal vein and then to the liver; type of fatty acid
Term
long chain FA
Definition
o Absorbed via chylomicrons into lymphatic system, then later dumped into blood circulation near the heart; type of fatty acid
Term
lipoproteins
Definition
• Lipoproteins made of dietary fats surrounded by a shell of cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein
o Hides fat in shell so it can be transported via the circulatory system (ex: coating of chocolate milk balls, inside are tryglycerides)
Term
low density lipoproteins, LDL
Definition
)….”bad cholesterol”
• Denser than chylomicrons or VLDL due to less TG (fatty acids are less dense)
• Primary function is to carry cholesterol to the tissues (“bad cholesterol”)
***it's products are cholesterol and proteins, these aid in cell growth and development
o If they circulate the cholesterol too long, it raises our risk for heart disease
• these particles are collected in the liver by specific receptors and broken down
Term
high density lipoproteins (HDL)
Definition
•good cholesterol, scavengers
**The beneficial participant in lipid transport
• Job is to pick up pieces and transport them to liver, trying to rid the body of waste products
• Greater proportion of protein compared to other lipoproteins
o The greater ur number of this is, the more reduced risk you have of developing heart disease
• produced in the liver and intestine
Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
a build up of fatty material (plaque) in the arteries, including those surrounding the heart)
Term
trans fatty acids
Definition
carbon bond is straight rather than being bent or at an angle
o this is important bc it Takes up more space, resembles a saturated fat even though it is unsaturated
o Increases LDL
o Lowers HDL
Term
vegan
Definition
person who consumes only plant foods
Term
lacto-vegetarian
Definition
consumes plant and dairy products
Term
lacto-ovo-vegetarian
Definition
consumes plant, dairy, and eggs
Term
"almost vegetarian"
Definition
consumes plant, dairy, and fish
Term
complementary proteins
Definition
o Two foods products consumed together to ensure all essential amino acids are present
• Should be consumed at least in the same day, if not in the same meal or within a few hours
o Legumes (lacking methionine) and cereals (lacking lysine)
• Ex: rice and beans
Term
riboflavin, vitamin D, B12, iron, zinc, iodide, calcium
Definition
What are the micronutrients of concern?
Supporting users have an ad free experience!