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Nutrition
Chapter 2: Notes and Questions
129
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 2
10/09/2010

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Term
Approximate Water Consumption of Swine
Definition
1.5 to 3 gal/head/day
Term
Approximate Water Consumption of Sheep
Definition
1 to 3 gal/head/day
Term
Approximate Water Consumption of Beef Cattle
Definition
10 to 14 gal/head/day
Term
Approximate Water Consumption of Dairy Cattle
Definition
30 to 80 gal/head/day
Term
Approximate Water Consumption of Horses
Definition
10 to 14 gal/head/day
Term
Approximate Water Consumption of Poultry
Definition
2 parts water for every 1 part feed
Term
Dog/Cat
Definition
Expressed in ml/day = kcal/day
Term
Glucose
Definition
Monosaccharide - Hexose
Term
Fructose
Definition
Monosaccharide - Hexose
Term
Galactose
Definition
Monosaccharide - Hexose
Term
Mannose
Definition
Monosaccharide - Hexose
Term
Arabinose
Definition
Monosaccharide - Pentose
Term
Xylose
Definition
Monosaccharide - Pentose
Term
Ribose
Definition
Monosacchraide - Pentose
Term
Sucrose
Definition
Disaccharide - glucose & fructose; table sugar
Term
Maltose
Definition
Disaccharide - 2 glucose molocules; malt sugar
Term
Maltose
Definition
Disaccharide - 2 glucose molocules; malt sugar
Term
Lactose
Definition
Disaccharide - galactose and glucose; milk sugar
Term
Cellobiose
Definition
Disaccharide - 2 molucules of glucose (different structure than maltose); plant starch
Term
Amylose
Definition
Polysaccharide; starch alpha linkage found only in plants
Term
Amylopectin
Definition
Polysaccharide; Starch (alpha linkage) only in plants
Term
Glycogen
Definition
Polysaccharide - Branched chain of starch found in liver and muscles; Starch alpha linkage
Term
Cellulose
Definition
Polysaccharide - beta linkage of glucose
Term
Hemicellulose
Definition
Mixed polysaccharide
Term
Pectins
Definition
Mixed Polysaccharide - Abundant in citrus, beets, and apples
Term
Gums
Definition
Mixed Polysaccharide - Presennt in all plants, released when plant is wounded
Term
Wasting Disease
Definition
Related to a Co and/or B12 defeciency - emaciated appearance due to a lack of absorbed B12; very common in grazing animals
Term
Goiter
Definition
Caused by Iodine deficiency; When the pituitary release too much TSH, resulting in an enlarged, improperly functioning thyroid gland. Has been greatly reduced in developed countries by the use of iodized salt.
Term
Goiter
Definition
Caused by Iodine deficiency; When the pituitary release too much TSH, resulting in an enlarged, improperly functioning thyroid gland. Has been greatly reduced in developed countries by the use of iodized salt.
Term
Cretinism
Definition
Caused by Iodine deficiency in pregnant mothers; causes infantile stunting of physical and mental development
Term
Myxedema
Definition
Caused by an Iodine deficiency; hard edema of subcutaneous tissue, dryness and loss of hair, subnormal temperature, hoarseness, muscle weakness, slow return of muscle after a tendon jerk to neutral position. Can also be a symptom of cretinism
Term
Non-specific symptoms of Iodine deficiency
Definition
Reduced BMR (basic metabolic rate), reabsorbed fetuses, abortions, stillbirths, irregular or suppressed estrus, reduced libido, and reduced semen quality
Term
Non-specific symptoms of Iodine toxicity
Definition
Reduced fertility, reduced egg production, prenatal mortality in rabbits, abortions in mammals. (Also has some effect on the long bones in horses with big head disease. Wasn't able to find the specifics though)
Term
Parakeratosis
Definition
Related to a deficiency of Zinc (or an excess of Ca); occurs in cloven-hoof animals, causes thickening of the skin, lesions, and slowed growth
Term
Iodine (I)
Definition
Most directly related to hormone production and the thyroid
Term
Zinc (Zn)
Definition
Most closely related to various functions of the digestive system. Attributed with enzymes, protein synthesis, CHO metabolism, Absorption, and is stored in the liver.
Zinc binds with phytates to facilitate their absorption and also works parallel with EDTA to encourage general absorption.
Term
Hyperkeratinization of epithelial cells
Definition
Caused by Zinc deficiency; skin becomes crusty and cracked, allowing entry of microbes and thus infection
Term
Hypogonadism
Definition
Related to a Zinc deficiency; causes the gonads to shrink
Term
Non-specific symptoms of Zinc deficiency
Definition
Anorexia
Reduced wool and horn growth
Poor feathering
Dermatitis
Retarded bone formation
Delayed healing
Impaired glucose tolerance
Term
Non-specific symptoms of Zinc toxicity
Definition
Interfered utilization of Cu and Fe
Depraved appetite
Bone resorption (bones revert to a texture similar to cartilage)
Anemic-like symptoms
Death in severe cases
Term
Iron (Fe)
Definition
Very specific to digestive and reproductive functions:
Absorption of amino acids and other minerals
Excretion of sweat and feces
Placenta and Mammary transfer (note that in most animals, iron does not pass from the mother to the baby through breast milk)
Term
Anemia (Most Common Form)
Definition
Decreased incorporation of hemoglobin into red blood cells due to iron deficiency.
Very common worldwide, though more so in developing countries and most common among females
(This definition is under the microcytic form of anemia)
(ALSO... there is also something specific to pigs, but I have no idea what it is cause I took crap notes here)
Term
Non-specific symptoms of Iron toxicity
Definition
Diarrhea
Decreased growth rate and feed efficiency
Acidosis of the vascular system (excessive blood acidity)
insufficient absorption of CA, P and Vitamin E; interference with P can also effect hemoglobin production and produce signs of P deficiency
Death
Term
Copper (Cu)
Definition
- a trace mineral -
Direct relationship with:
Enzymes
Fe function (metabolism, elastin and collagen formation, melanin production, integrity of CNS)
Hematopoiesis (erythrocyte production)
Bone formation
Myelination of brain cells and spinal cord
Hair and Wool pigmentation
Term
Why are the symptoms of grass tetany and milk fever somewhat similar
Definition
Both calcium (milk fever) and Magnesium (grass tetany) deficiencies effect muscle function
Term
What are the 3 electrolytes
Definition
Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), and Potassium (K)
Term
Deficiency of Zinc in swine causes what disorder?
Definition
Parakeratosis
Term
Deficiency of Se causes __________
Excess Se causes ________ & _________
Definition
Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy (NMD)(also Stiff Lamb Disease, White Muscle Disease)
Blind Staggers & Alkali Disease
Term
Why does feeding sweetclover hay to cattle sometimes increase their Vitamin K requirements
Definition
Sweetclover hay contains anticoagulants, and Vitamin K is essential to coagulation.
Term
What precautions must be taken in feeding raw egg whites to simple stomached animals
Definition
Light cooking to kill any bacteria
Term
What are the 10 essential amino acids
Definition
Pvt. Tim Hall:

Phenylalanine Valine Threonine
Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine
Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine
Term
What additional amino acid is required for cats
Definition
Taurine (required for all carnivores)
Term
What do the abbreviations TDN, DE, NFE, NE, HI, FE, GE, and ME stand for
Definition
Total Digestible Nutrients [[Digestible CP + digestible CF + digestible NFE + 2.25(ether extract)]
Digestible Energy (GE - FE)
Nitrogen Free Extract (readily availble CHO in feed)
Net Energy [GE - (FE+UE+GE+HI)]
Heat Increment
Fecal Energy
Gross Energy [the total combustible energy in a feedstuff]
Metabolized Energy [GE - (FE+UE+GE)]
Term
What is BV%?
What common food/feed has the highest BV%
Definition
Biological Value; the % of metabolized protein
Egg Whites
Term
A ___________ is any feed constituent, group of feed constituents, that aids in the support of animal life
Definition
Nutrients
Term
Water consumption for: Horse Dairy Cow Poultry
Definition
10-14 gal/head/day 30-80 gal/head/day (variation dependent on level of milk production) 2 parts water to every 1 part of feed
Term
Define photosynthesis
Definition
6 molecules of carbon + 6 molecules of water + solar energy = 1 molecule Glucose + 6 molecules of Oxygen
Term
Define monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharaides. Give 2-3 examples for all three.
Definition
Monosaccharides: a single sugar carbohydrate; the basic units of all CHO - Hexoses: glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose
- Pentoses: Arabinose, Xylose, Ribose

Disaccharides: CHO molecules consisting of two sugars; Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose, Cellobiose

Polysaccharides: CHO consisting of multiple units of monosaccharides; Can be for energy storage (Starch) or Structural (Cellulose); Amylose, Amyopectin, Glycogen
Term
Define Amylose
Definition
Plant Starch
Term
Define Glycogen
Definition
Animal Starch
Term
A polysaccharide not considered a true CHO and indigestible in simple stomached animals
Definition
Lignin (C:H:O ratio does not match that necessary for carbohydrates)
Term
Cellulose
Definition
Composed of glucose molecules (beta linkage) indigestible by all simple stomached molecules
Term
Ketosis
Definition
Description when there is an abundance of ketones. A result of not having enough sugar in the body, so the system starts to breakdown fatty acids to provide the necessary energy; ketones are a byproduct.
Symptoms: weight loss, increased water consumption, decreased milk production, acetone smell, and abortion. Can also call Twin Lamb disease.
Can be treated with an injection of dextrose.
Term
Gluconeogenesis
Definition
The production of glucose from sources other than CHO
Term
_______ Produces 2.25 times as much energy as CHO
Definition
Lipids
Term
___ x 6.25 = Crude Protein
Definition
Nitrogen
Term
Consumption of diets high in _______ fatty acids will result in soft pork
Definition
unsaturated
Term
_______ fatty acids have double bonds
Definition
unsaturated
Term
_______ fatty acids are more likely to become rancid
Definition
unsaturated
Term
______ number denotes the degree of unsaturation of fat
Definition
Iodine (Iodine binds to unsaturated fatty acids)
Term
Compounds which are not true proteins, but contain N and can be turned into protein by microbial action
Definition
Non-protein nitrogens (Urea, Biuret, ammonia; often used as protein supplements for ruminants)
Term
What are some of the common methods of protecting high-quality feeds from ruminant degradation
Definition
Heat Treatment
Treatment with Formaldehyde or tannins
Encapsulation of amino acids
Use of Amino Acid analogs
Control of Microbial metabolism in rumen
Term
Deamination
Definition
removal of an amino group from a molecule, the amine group is then converted to ammonia, and eventually, urea.
Deamination is used when there is an excess of protein in the body. the remaining C and H is either recycled or oxidized and used for energy
Term
Most commonly fed NPN to beef cattle:

List two more commonly fed NPN additives: _____ & ______
Definition
Urea
Biuret and Ammonia
Term
Protein/CHO complexes integral to cell-cell recognition, immunity in particular
Definition
glycoproteins
Term
RNA
Definition
blueprint of protein synthesis
Term
Which of the seven macro-minerals makes up 50% of the mineral content of the body
Definition
Calcium
Term
Which of the seven macro-minerals makes up 25% of the body's mineral content
Definition
Phosphorus
Term
Define these abbreviations:
IP
DIP
UIP
UIPIP
AP
BCP
Definition
Intake Protein
Degraded Intake Protein
Undegraded Intake Protein
Rumen-undegradable Intake Protein
Absorbed Protein
Bacterial Crude Protein
Term
What are the seven macro minerals
Definition
Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P)
Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl)
Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg)
Sulfur (S)
Term
What are the 11 trace minerals
Definition
Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu),
Flourine (F), Iron (Fe), Iodine (I),
Manganese (Ma), Molybdenum (Mo),
Selenium (Se), Silicon (Si),
Zinc (Zn)
Term
A protein lipid complex
Definition
lipoproteins
Term
Which minerals are needed for oxygen transport?
Definition
Cu and Fe
Term
Minerals nessecary for skeletal formation and maintenance
Definition
Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Mn
Term
Minerals nessecary for protein synthesis
Definition
P, S, Zn
Term
Minerals nessecary for Oxygen transport
Definition
Fe, Cu
Term
Minerals nessecary for fluid balance (osmotic pressure and excretion) and acid-base nalance
Definition
The electrolytes
Term
Minerals nessecary for activators and/or components of enzyme systems
Definition
Macro: Ca, P, K, Mg
Micro: Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn
Term
Minerals with major vitamin rationships
Definition
Vitamin D - Ca & P
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) - Co
Vitamin E - Se
Term
Natural Sources of minerals
Definition
Forages: good sources of most minerals
Grains: poor sources except potassium
Soil Analysis: necessary to know to get proper nutrients to the plant
Term
Cheltaing
Definition
When oxalates, phytates, and fats bind to mineral for absorption, but can not be broken down in non-ruminants
Term
Which mineral is a component of insulin and who's deficiency causes a hyperleratinization of epithelial cells
Definition
Zinc (Zn)
Term
_____ deficiency causes wasting disease
Definition
Cobalt (Co)
Term
_____ deficiency causes goiter
Definition
Iodine (I)
Term
A component of B12
Definition
Cobalt (Co)
Term
Mineral present in thyroxin (a thyroid hormone)
Definition
Iodine (I)
Term
Mineral deficiency causes microytic, hypochromic anemia
Definition
Iodine (I)
Term
Pigs are born deficient in this mineral and need IM injections at 2-3 days of age
Definition
Iron (Fe)
Term
Besides Fe, this mineral is needed for normal hematopoiesis
Definition
Copper (Cu)
Term
Mineral who's deficieny causes slipped tendon
Definition
Manganese (Mn)
Term
Lack of normal coordination of body parts ________
Caused by what mineral deficiency?
Definition
Ataxia
Manganese (Mn)
Term
Loss of hair
Definition
Alopecia
Term
Loss of hair pigmentation:
Caused by what mineral deficiency
Definition
Achromotrichia
Copper (Cu)
Term
Lupins produce toxic alkaloids that impair hepatic capacity to metabolize ingested _______ producing toxic symptoms of that mineral
Definition
Copper (Cu)
Term
Plant Vitamin D
Definition
D(sub-note 2)
Term
Animal Vitamin D
Definition
D (sub-note 3)
Term
Active biological form of Vitamin E
Definition
Alpha tocopherol
Term
Deficiency of vitamin ____ causes rickets in _____ animals and _______ in older animals
Definition
D
young
osteoporosis
Term
Mulberry heart disease is caused by deficiency of _____
Definition
Vitamin E
Term
What is the difference between warfarin and dicoumarol? Where are they found?
Definition
Dicoumarol is found in clover and is natural while warfarin is artificial and typically found in poisons. Both are anticoagulants/Vitamin K inhibitors
Term
What is prothrombin?
Definition
A blood coagulation protien required for normal blood clotting; Vitamin K is essential to prothrombin synthesis
Term
Deficiency of ______ causes beriberi
Definition
Thiamin (B1)
Term
Deficiency of ______ causes pellagra
Definition
Niacin (B3)
Term
Consumption of bracken fern causes __________ in horses
Definition
deficiency in Vitamin B1
Term
Curled-toe paralysis is caused by a deficiency of _______
Definition
Riboflavin (B2) [NOTE: Curled-toe paralysis is a breakdown of the myelin sheath of nerve fibers]
Term
Which vitamin is given to high-producing dairy cattle to increase their milk production
Definition
Niacin (B3)
Term
Plants cannot produce this B-complex vitamin
Definition
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
Term
Deficiency of this vitamin causes leukopenia
Definition
Folic Acid (B9)
Term
Only vitamin requiring specific gastrointestinal tract secretion for its absorption. This secretion is called _____
Definition
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
Intrinsic Factor
Term
Coprophagy
Definition
The eating of feces; done by some non-ruminant herbivores to derive the benefits of microbial digestion
Term
Is inositol a true vitamin? Why or why not?
Definition
No
No proof that all necessary inositol is not synthesized by the organism, in other words, no proof that it needs to be dietary supplemented
Term
Name two antioxidants
Definition
Vitamin C and Vitamin E (others are Vitamin A and Selenium, also beta-carotene, lycopene, and lutein)
Term
Deficieny of _____ causes scurvy
Definition
Vitamin C
Scurvy symptoms: of spots on the skin, spongy gums, and bleeding from the mucous membranes
Term
Besides people, what other animals require dietary Vitamin C
Definition
other primates and guinea pigs
Term
Define:
xerophthalmia
conjunctivitis
precursor
Definition
- extreme dryness and thickening of the conjunctiva often resulting from vitamin A deficiency, most often seen in winter
- also called pink eye, conjunctiva inflammation w/ redness and discharge
- precursor: a biochemical substance such as an intermediate compound in a chain of enzymatic reactions from which a more stable or definitive product is formed
Term
What is MGA? What are its advantages?
Definition
Melengestrol Acetate
A synthetic progesterone used as a common feed additive to feedlot heifers to suppress estrus and improve feed efficiency & growth
Term
Define MUN
Definition
Milk Urea Nitrogen
A means by which to monitor nutritional protien in cows; amount of urea in milk correlates to amount in blood
Term
High MUN levels are usually due to feeding carbohydrates that
Definition
do not readibly digest enough to match protein source; too much protein or not enough rumen availble energy in ration
Term
Low MUN levels are due to
Definition
typically, insufficient DIP, UIP and/or energy levels
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