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Nutrition Mid-term
terms
73
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
10/01/2010

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Term
Nutrition
Definition
The study of foods, their nutrients and other chemical constituents, and the effect of food constituents on human health
Term
Food security
Definition
access at all times to a sufficient supply of safe, nutritious foods
Term
Food Insecurity
Definition
limited or uncertain availability of safe, nutritious foods
Term
Nutrients
Definition
all of the chemical substances present in food that are used by the body; everything in our body was once a nutrient in food
Term
Essential Nutrients
Definition
Nutrients the body cannot make, or produce in sufficient quantity
Term
Nonessential Nutrients
Definition

[image]Nutrients manufactured by the body from things in the diet are nonessential; present in diet, but not required

Term
Dietary Reference Intakes
Definition
Recommended daily levels of intake that not only meet the nutrient needs of almost all healthy people (97-98%), but also promote health and help reduce the risk of chronic disease
Term
Upper Intake Levels
Definition
They represent total, daily levels of nutrient intake from food, fortified food products, and supplements that should not be exceeded
Term
deficiency
Definition
develops after a period of insufficient intake of an essential nutrient, because tissue reserves of the nutrient become depleted
Term
Groups at higher risk of being inadequately nourished
Definition

Women who are pregnant or

  breastfeeding

Infants, growing children
The ill, or recovering from illness
Frail elderly

Term
Nutrient Dense
Definition
Foods that provide multiple nutrients in appreciable amounts relative to calories 
Term
Empty-Calorie Foods
Definition
Foods that provide calories and low amounts of nutrients 
Term
Digestive System
Definition

25 to 30 feet of muscular tube and secretory organs.
Secreted juices break foods
into absorbable pieces.
Carbohydrates glucose and monosaccharides.
Proteins amino acids.
Fats fatty acids and glycerol.
Vitamins and minerals are released during digestion.

Term
Ingestion
Definition
process of taking food into the mouth
Term
digestion
Definition
the process through which foods are broken down into smaller and smaller units to prepare nutrients for absorption
Term
chemical digestion
Definition
breaks molecules apart via digestive secretions, gastric juices, and enzymes
Term
Physical Digestion
Definition
physically breaks large chunks into small bits
Term
Motility
Definition
movement by the muscular components of the digestive tract (peristalsis & segmentation)
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
rhythmic, wavelike contractions of muscles 
Term
Segmentation
Definition
forward and backward muscular action
Term
Digestion
Definition

Digestion is accomplished by enzymes manufactured in the digestive system.
Salivary glands, stomach, and pancreas secrete these enzymes.
Enzymes are complex protein substances that speed up reactions that break down food.
Enzymes are not changed by the chemical reactions they affect.
They are reusable.

Term
Organs of the Digestive System
Definition
Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Large Intestine, Small Intestine 
Term
Digestion in the mouth
Definition

Chewing causes glands under the tongue to release saliva.
Saliva lubricates food so that it can be swallowed.
Saliva also contains salivary amylase and lipase.
Amylase breaks down carbohydrates.
Lipase breaks down fats.

Term
Fiber meals
Definition
High-fiber meals pass through the digestive system faster than low-fiber meals.
Term
Structure of Intestines
Definition
Digestion and absorption of nutrients enhanced by villi lining the inside of the intestinal wall
Term
Small Intestine Absorption
Definition

Digestion complete when carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are reduced to smaller substances that can be absorbed, and when vitamins and minerals are released.
Most nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine.
Water, sodium, and some of the end products of bacterial digestion are absorbed from the large intestine.

Term
Large Intestine Absorption
Definition

Large intestine is home to many bacteria that use undigested fiber and complex carbohydrates that are not digested by human digestive enzymes.
These bacteria excrete gas and fatty acids that can be absorbed in large intestine.
Substances that cannot be absorbed collect in the large intestine and are excreted in the stool.

Term
Heartburn/Gastro esophagael reflux
Definition
return of gastric contents into the esophagus that results in a severe burning sensation under the sternum
Term
Constipation
Definition
straining to pass hard, dry stools; slow movement of feces through colon
Term
Vomiting/Reverse Peristalsis
Definition
peristalsis muscles move the contents of the stomach back through the esophagus and forcefully out the mouth
Term
Intestinal Gas/Flatulence
Definition
production and release of gas from the lower intestinal tract
Term
Lactose Maldigestion
Definition

Lactose maldigestion is caused by genetically determined low production of enzyme that digests lactose.

Term
Protein composition
Definition

Proteins made of chain of amino acids
Proteins are organic compounds containing C, H, O, and N
N distinguishes protein from carbohydrates and fats

Term
Amino Acids in the body
Definition

20 common amino acids needed to form all proteins in human body
9 of these amino acids considered essential
Other 11 amino acids nonessential 

Term
Four major functions of protein
Definition

1.Integral structural component of skeletal muscle, bone, connective tissues, organs, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hair, & nails
2.Basic substance that makes up enzymes & hormones in human body
3.Growth, maintenance & repair of protein-containing structures
4.Protein also serves as an energy source

Term
Protein needs
Definition

Nearly all in U.S. get enough protein
Most consume more than needed
Recommended range of total calories:

    10-35%

Term
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
Definition

Carbohydrate  45-65% total calories
225-325 grams for 2000 calorie diet
Protein  10-35% total calories
50-175 grams for 2000 calorie diet
Fat   20-35% total calories
44-78 grams for 2000 calorie diet

Term
Food as a source of protein
Definition

70% protein intake comes from meats, milk, and other animal products in U.S. diet

Term
Protein as an energy source
Definition

If destined for energy use, first needs nitrogen removed from individual amino acids
Excess free nitrogen excreted in urine
Nitrogen excretion increases need for water

Term
Protein Synthesis
Definition

Chain of amino acids called polypeptide
Chains of amino acids fold up into complex shapes
DNA directs protein synthesis and order of amino acids in chains, which determines type and function of protein formed

Term
Denaturation of Proteins
Definition

Change in shape of protein structure due to heat, light, change in pH (too acidic or basic environment), alcohol, or motion

Term
Dietary Protein Quality
Definition

High quality proteins contain all essential amino acids 
Individual amino acids not stored in body
If one or more essential amino acids missing in diet, proteins synthesis halted 

 

Term
Incomplete Proteins
Definition
deficient in one or more essential amino acids
Term
Protein Intake Trends
Definition

2/3 of U.S. populations’ protein sources come from animal products
Wealth leads to ­ meat protein intake along with ­ consumption of fat
High protein intake usually accompanied by higher-fat & lower-fiber intakes
Diets adequate in protein without excess fat tend to be rich in beans & grains mixed                     with lean meats & low-fat dairy                 products

Term
Not enough protein
Definition

Protein deficiency occurs alone or with deficiency of calories & other nutrients
Protein foods good sources of micronutrients iron, zinc, niacin, & vitamin B12
Body protein provides energy during starvation states
Loss of 30% body protein results in ¯ strength for breathing, ­ susceptibility to infection, abnormal organ functions, & death

Term
Kwashiorkor
Definition

Malnutrition caused by insufficient  protein intake, yet adequate total caloric intake
Gives “fat” or swollen appearance
May develop after child weaned from breast milk or in severe alcoholics

 

Term
Marasmus
Definition

Malnutrition caused by insufficient total protein & caloric intakes
Also called protein-energy malnutrition
Gives “skin and bones” appearance
Occurs among people with anorexia nervosa & diseases causing cachexia

 

Term
Excess Protein
Definition

Excess protein intake causes nausea, weakness, and diarrhea; diets very high in protein result in death after several weeks
Disease from excess protein intake termed “rabbit fever”
High protein diets implicated in weak bones, kidney stones, cancer, heart disease, & obesity
NAS concluded safe range for protein intake is 10-35% of total calories

 

Term
Does Protein Build Muscle?
Definition

Amino acids & protein powders alone do not cause muscle growth
Only combination of exercise & good diet build muscle mass
Most athletes get sufficient protein from their usual diet
May benefit from additional 15 gram daily over RDA

Term
Carbohydrate
Definition

Derived primarily from plant sources
Produced by photosynthesis:  energy from the sun stored chemically as carbohydrate in plants
Composed of organic compounds (CHO)
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

Term
Carbohydrate Functions
Definition

primary energy source

    4 calories/gram

“protein sparing” effect
source of dietary fiber
sweetening agent

Term
Types of Carbohydrates
Definition

1.Simple sugars
2.Complex carbohydrates (starches)
3.Total fiber

Term
Simple Sugars
Definition

Simple sugars are small molecules
Two types: monosaccharides and disaccharides
3 Monosaccharides:
Glucose (“blood sugar” or “dextrose”)
Fructose (“fruit sugar”)
Galactose
3 Disaccharides consist of two linked molecules
Glucose + fructose = sucrose ( “table sugar”)
Glucose + glucose = maltose (“malt sugar”)
Glucose + galactose = lactose (“milk sugar”)

Term
Glucose Utilization
Definition

Immediate energy source to all cells
Converted into glycogen (glycogenesis)
chains of linked glucose units
stored in:
liver      (90 grams CHO or ~360 calories)
muscle (150 grams CHO or ~600 calories)
Converted into fat
adipose tissue (unlimited storage capacity)

Term
Insulin
Definition

functions to lower blood glucose levels
required for glucose uptake into cells
enhances conversion of excess glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis)
enhances storage of excess glucose to fat in adipose tissue 

Term
Glycemic Index
Definition

a measure of the speed with which the carbohydrates in food are broken down to glucose (sugar) and enter the blood stream, causing a rise in blood sugar 


Some high glycemic-index foods (enter bloodstream faster):
Glucose, white bread, baked potatoes, jelly beans
Some low glycemic-index foods (slower impact on blood glucose):
Fructose, xylitol, hummus, apples, all-bran cereal

Term
Many different types of sugar but...
Definition

All chemically similar, provide 4 calories/gram and few other nutrients
-limit to 10% of daily calorie intake

 

Term
Negatives about sugar
Definition

Foods with simple sugars are generally poor sources of nutrients
Simple sugars provide only calories
Many foods high in sugars are also high in fat
Likelihood that diets will be insufficient in vitamins and minerals increases with sugar intake
Sweets consumption promotes tooth decay
exposure time important variable
“stickier” sweets more apt to promote decay
-infants who fall asleep with baby bottle

 

Term
Sugar Alcohols
Definition

contain 4 calories per gram
reduced absorption
causes less dental caries
may cause gas or diarrhea

Term
Aspartame
Definition

brand name=Nutrasweet

bonding of amino acids

Does not promote tooth decay

Not stable under prolonged heat

Term
Saccharin
Definition

Sweet 'N Low (alternative, non-nutrative sweetener)

used for over a century

Term
Sucralose
Definition

Derived from sugar

Stable in baking and cooking

Does not promote tooth decay

Term
Rebiana
Definition

brand=Truvia

From sweet tasting leaves of the Stevia shrub

Term
Dietary Carbohydrates
Definition

SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccarides
glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
Polysaccharides
starches, FIBER
glycogen

 

Term
Dietary Fiber
Definition

Fiber intake in U.S. below the amount recommended
People get recommended amount from whole-grain breads, high-fiber cereal, and dried beans and five servings of vegetables and fruits daily
Food sources same cooked, or raw
Fast foods are poor sources of fiber
-not digested by human digestive enzymes

 

Term
Types of fiber
Definition

functional fiber
dietary fiber
total fiber

Term
Functional Fiber
Definition

Functional fibers have beneficial functions in the body
INSOLUBLE functional fibers:
decrease food intake by a feeling of fullness
reduce post-meal rises in blood glucose levels
prevent constipation
SOLUBLE functional fibers:
decrease fat and cholesterol absorption

Term
Fiber and health
Definition

helps body function more efficiently
lowers risk heart disease, colon cancer, obesity, constipation, hemorrhoids, diverticular disease
lower blood cholesterol
assists in blood glucose control
25 to 40 grams fiber/day recommended

Term
Types of Soluble Fiber
Definition

beans, peas, lentils, fruits, oat bran, oatmeal, barley, corn, carrots, white potatoes

Term
Types of Insoluble Fiber
Definition

Cellulose
whole grains, unrefined cereals, vegetables, seeds, popcorn, nuts

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