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Nutrition Lab
key words and skills for nutritions labs
39
Nursing
Professional
11/13/2010

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Term
anorexia
Definition
anorexia is a lack or loss of appetite for food.
Term
basal metabolism
Definition
basal metabolism is the amount of energy required to carry out involuntary activities of the body at rest.
Term
BMI
Definition
BMI is Body Mass Index. This is a ratio of height (meters) to weight (kg) that more accurately reflects total body fat stores in the general population.
Term
calorie
Definition
a calorie is the measure of heat or energy.

a kilocalorie is defined as the amount of heat required to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree C.
Term
carbohydrate
Definition
a carbohydrate is an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

carbohydrates are the most abundant and least expensive source of calories in the diet worldwide.
Term
cholesterol
Definition
Cholesterol is a fat-like substance found only in animal tissues, that is important for cell membrane structure.

It is a precursor of steroid hormones and a constituent of bile.
Term
enteral nutrition
Definition
enteral nutrition is an alternate form of feeding that involves passing a tube into the gastrointestinal tract to allow instillation of the appropriate formula.
Term
ketosis
Definition
ketosis is the catabolism of fatty acids that occure when an individual's carbohydrate intake is not adequate. Without adequate glucose, the catabolism is incomplete and ketones are formed, resulting in increased ketones.
Term
nasogastric tube
Definition
a nasograstric tube is inserted through the nose and into the stomach.
Term
obesity
Definition
The definition of obesity is weight greater than 20% above the ideal body weight.
Term
PPN
Definition
PPN is Partial or Peripheral parental nutrition. This is nutrition therapy used for patients who have an inadequate oral intake and require supplementation of nutrients through a peripheral vein.
Term
PEG
Definition
PEG is a percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy tube. This is a surgically or laparoscopically placed gastronomy tube.
Term
PEJ
Definition
A Percutaneous Endoscopic Jejunostomy (PEJ) is a surgically or laparoscopically placed jejunostomy tube.
Term
RDA
Definition
RDA is the Recommended Dietary Allowance for the average daily amounts of essential nutrients that that healthy people should consume.
Term
residual (as applied to feeding tubes)
Definition
Residual, as applied to tube feeding, is the amount of gastric contents in the stomach after the administration of a tube feeding.
Term
TPN
Definition
Total Parental Nutrition (TPN) is nutritional therapy that bypasses the gastointestinal tract.

This is used in patients who cannot take food orally.

TPN meets the pt's nutritional needs by way of nutrient-filled solutions administered through a central vein.
Term
nutritional assessment of the tongue
Definition
good nutrition signs in the tongue:
- deep red color
- surface papillae present

poor nutrition signs in the tongue:
- smooth tongue
- beefy red/magenta colored
- swollen or atrophied
Term
Nutritional assessment of the teeth
Definition
Signs of good nutrition in the teeth:
- no cavities
- no pain
- no discoloration

signs of poor nutrition in the teeth:
- cavitites
- mottled appearance
- missing teeth
Term
nutritional assessment on the gums
Definition
Signs of good nutrition in the gums:
- firm with good pink color
- no swelling or bleeding

signs of poor nutrition in the gums
- spongy red gums
- bleeds easily
- recessed gums
- swollen or inflamed gums.
Term
Nutritional assessment of the glands
Definition
Signs of good nutrition in the glands
- no enlargement of thyroid
- face no swollen

signs of poor nutrition in the glands
- thyroid enlargement (goiter)
- swollen cheeks (enlargement of the parotid)
Term
Nutrition assessment of the skin
Definition
signs of good nutrition in the skin:
- smooth with good color
- no signs of rash, swelling

signs of poor nutrition in the skin:
- rough, dry, flaky swollen or pale
- lack of fat under skin
- fat deposits around joints (xanthomas)
- bruises
- petechiae (small red/purple spot in the body caused by minor hemorrhage)
Term
xanthomas
Definition
xanthomas are fat deposits around the joints
Term
goiter
Definition
a goiter is the enlargement of the thyroid
Term
fluorosis
Definition
Fluorosis is a mottled appearance of the teeth.
Term
signs of poor nutrition in the finger and toenails.
Definition
signs of poor nutrition in the finger and toenails:
- koilonychia (spoon shaped finger or toenails)
- nails that are brittle, pale or ridged.
Term
koilonychia
Definition
koilonychia is abnormally thin nails (usually of the hand) which have lost their convexity, becoming flat or even concave in shape.

In a sense, koilonychia is the opposite of nail clubbing.
Term
Skeletal signs of poor nutrition
Definition
Skeletal signs of poor nutrition include:
- poor posture
- beading of the ribs (A row of beading at the junction of the ribs and cartilages - common with rickets)
- chest deformity at the diaphragm
Term
Muscular signs of poor nutrition
Definition
Muscular signs of poor nutrition:
- flaccid with poor tone
- underdeveloped musculature
- difficulty walking
Term
signs of poor nutrition in the nervous system
Definition
signs of poor nutrition in the nervous system:
- decrease/loss of ankle/knee reflexes
- mental confusion
- weakness
- loss of sense of position
- burning/tingling of hands and feet
Term
hepatosplenomegaly
Definition
hepatosplenomegaly is the simultaneous enlargement of both the liver (hepatomegaly) and the spleen (splenomegaly)
Term
Cardiovascular signs of poor nutrition
Definition
Signs of poor nutrition in the cardio system:
- heart enlargement
- tachycardia
- elevated BP
Term
Normal ranges of hemoglobin
Definition
Normal hemoglobin ranges from 12-18g/dL

a decrease indicates anemia
Term
normal ranges of hematocrit
Definition
hematocrit is the concentration of blood cells in the plasms

Normal levels of hematocrit are 40-50%

a decrease is an indication of anemia

an increase is an indication of dehydration.
Term
normal levels of serum albumin
Definition
serum albumin is protein in the blood plasma.

Normal serum albumin levels are:
3.3 - 5 g/dL

a decreased level indicates malnutrition or malabsorption.
Term
normal lab levels of transferrin
Definition
transferrin is a blood plasma protein for iron delivery

normal levels of transferrin are 240-480 mg/dL

a decreased level of transferrin indicates anemia or a protein deficiency
Term
normal lab levels of Total Lymphocyte Count
Definition
The total lymphocyte count is normally above 1800

a decreased TLC indicates an impaired nutritional intake or a severely debilitating disease.
Term
Normal levels of blood urea nitrogen
Definition
Normal lab levels of blood urea nitrogen are 17-18mg/dL

when BUN levels are high it is an indication of:
- starvation
- high protein intake
- severe dehydration

When BUN levels are low it indicates:
- malnutrition
- overhydration
Term
Normal lab levels of creatinine
Definition
Normal lab levels of creatinine are 0.4-1.5 mg/dL

an increase in creatinine levels indicates:
- dehydration

decreased levels of creatinine indicates:
- reduction in total muscle mass
- severe malnutrition
Term

Inserting a nasogastrc tube

-a quick reference

Definition
  1. Explain procedure to Pt.
  2. wash you hands
  3. put pt in high Fowlers position
  4. measure the ditance to insert the tube by placing the tip of the tube at pt's nostril and extending it to the tip of earlobe and then to tip of xiphoid process. Mark tube.
  5. lube first 4 inches of tube.
  6. ask pt to flex head back against pillow
  7. gently insert tube into nostrilwhile directing tube upward and backward. (Pt may gag)
  8. when pharynx is reached, instruct PT to put chin to chest and encourage pt to sip water through straw.
  9. continue advancing tube until pen mark is reached.
  10. attach syringe to end of tube and aspirate small amount of stomach contents.
  11. hold in place with tape
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