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Nursing: Endocrine System
Concepts 2B Unit 1: Endocrine
32
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
03/18/2013

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Term

 

 

 

 

Endocrine System

Definition
  • Plays a role in reproduction, growth, and regulation of energy.

  • Made up of glands, specialized cells, and hormones.

Term

 

 

Glands:

Definition

 

Secrete hormones that affect target tissue and organs

  • Thyroid
  • Hypothalamus
  • Adrenal Glands
  • Pituitary
  • Parathyroid
  • Pancreas        
Term

 

 

Hypothalamus

Definition

 

 

  • Integrative center between the nervous and endocrine system.

 

  • Secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that either stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the Anterior Pituitary.

 

Term

 

 

 

Pituitary

Definition

Connected to the hypothalamus and divided into:

 

Anterior

Posterior 

Term

 

 

Anterior Pituitary

Definition

Stimulated by hormones from the Hypothalamus.

 

Anterior Pituitary hormones:

  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • FSH
  • LH
  • GH
  • Prolactin
Term

 

 

Anterior Pituitary hormone

TSH

Definition

 

 

stimulates the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone

Term

 

 

Anterior Pituitary hormone

ACTH

Definition

 

 

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids

Term

Anterior Pituitary hormone

FSH

Definition

 

 

stimulates the secretion of estrogen and development of ova and sperm

Term

 

Anterior Pituitary hormone

LH

Definition

 

 

stimulates ovulation and secretion of sex hormones in both sexes.

Term

 

Anterior Pituitary hormone

GH

Definition

 

 

affects the growth and development of skeletal muscle and long bones

 

also plays a role in protein, fat, CHO metabolism

Term

 

 

Anterior Pituitary hormone

Prolactin

 

Definition

 

 

 

stimulates breast development for lactation after childbirth

Term

 

 

Posterior Pituitary

Definition
  • stimulated by nerve tracks from the hypothalamus
  • Hormones in the posterior pituitary (PP) are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the PP

Hormones:

  • ADH
  • Oxytocin

 

 

Term

 

Posterior Pituitary

hormone

ADH (vasopressin)

Definition
  • regulates fluid volume
  • stimulates reabsorption of H2O at the renal tubules
  • acts as a potent vasoconstrictor

Serum osmolality stimulates ADH:

  • ↑ osmolality=stimulation and ↑ ADH

Also stimulated by HYPOvolemia, HYPOtension, pain, stress, trauma, use of morphine, tranquilizers, and positive pressure ventilation

Term

 

Posterior Pituitary

hormone

Oxytocin

Definition

 

 

 

stimulates uterine contractions and ejection of milk

Term

 

 

Thyroid

Definition
  • important for normal growth and development
  • ↑ metabolic activity and protein synthesis
  • regulated by TSH from the Anterior Pituitary

 

Stimulates 3 hormones:

  • Thyroxine (T4)
  • Triiodothyroxine (T3)
  • Calcitonin
Term

 

 

Thyroid Hormone

Thyroxine (T4)

Definition
  • Most abundant
  • Most are bound to plasma- unbound are considered "free" and are active

 

 

↑/↓ in BOTH T3 and T4 affect:

  • metabolic rate
  • caloric requirements
  • O2 consumption
  • CHO and Lipid metabolism
  • growth and development
  • brain function
Term

 

Thyroid Hormone

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Definition
  •  more potent, greater metabolic affects

 


 

 

↑/↓ in BOTH T3 and T4 affect:

  • metabolic rate
  • caloric requirements
  • O2 consumption
  • CHO and Lipid metabolism
  • growth and development
  • brain function
Term

 

Thyroid Hormone

Calcitonin

Definition
  • Produced by C-cells of the thyroid in response to HIGH circulating Ca+ levels

 

  • Prevents reabsorption of Ca+ from bones (loss)
  • ↑ Ca+ storage in the bone
  • ↑ renal excretion of Ca+ and Phosphorus

Term

 

 

Parathyroid

Definition
  • 4 pea-size glands
  • controlled by feedback system (NOT pituitary or hypothalamus)
  • Secretes PTH-- regulates Ca+ blood level
  • Bone- stimulates reabsorption and inhibits bone growth
  • Kidneys- ↑ Ca+ reabsorption and Phosphorus excretion and stimulates renal conversion of Vit. D which enhances intestinal absorption of Ca+

 

↓Ca+ → ↑PTH → (↑Ca+ absorption from intestines,  ↑Ca+ reabsorption from bone, ↑ Ca+ reabsorption and ↓ excretion from kidneys) → ↑Ca+ → ↓PTH

 

(see figure on pg 1203)

Term

 

 

Adrenal Glands

Definition
  • small vascular glands located on top of the kidneys- Medulla & Cortex
Term

 

Adrenal Glands-

Medulla

 

Definition
  • Inner portion
  • made of sympathetic neurons

Secretes:

  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Dopamine
Term

 

Adrenal Glands-

Cortex

Definition
  • Outter portion

Secretes more than 50 hormones

  • Glucocorticoids
  • Mineralocorticoids
  • Adrenal androgens

 

Term

 

Adrenal Glands-

Cortex

Glucocorticoids

Definition
  • Named for effects on Glucose
  • Also stumilate lipolysis, and have anti-inflammatory effects

Cortisol

  • ↑blood glucose through stimulation of hepatic conversion of amino acids to glucose and inhibit protein synthesis
  • ↓inflammatory response
  • Helps maintain vascular integrity and fluid volume
Term

 

Adrenal Glands-

Cortex

Mineralocorticoids

Definition

 

Aldosterone-very potent!

  • Maintains extracellular fliud volume by acting on the renaltubule to promote renal reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ and H+ ions
  • Stimulated by angiotensin II, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia
  • Inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide and hypokalemia
Term

 

Adrenal Glands-

Cortex

Adrenal Adrogens

Definition
  • stimulate pubic and axillary hair growth and sex drive in females
  • have no real affect in men
Term

 

Pancreas

Definition
  • long tapered, lobular, soft gland
  • has both endocrine and exocrine fucntions
  • Islets of Langerhans is the hormone secreting part
Term

 

 

Islets of Langerhans

Definition
  • Hormone secreting part of Pancreas

4 types of secreting cells:

  • Alpha
  • Beta
  • Delta
  • F
Term

 

Islets of Langerhans

Alpha Cells

Definition

Produce and secrete glucagon

  • Synthasized and released in response to low levels of blood glucose

↑ blood glucose by stimulating:

  • glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose)
  • glyconeogenesis (the formation of glucose from glycerol and proteins rather than CHO)
  • ketogenesis (formation of ketone bodies)
Term

Islets of Langerhans

Beta Cells

Definition

 

Produces and secretes insulin and amylin

 

 

Term

 

 

Insulin

Definition
  • principal regulator of the metabolism and storage of CHO, fats, and proteins
  • Facilitates glucose transport across most cell membranes
  • Major stimulus is ↑ blood glucose
  • Also stimulated by ↑ amino acid levels and vagal stimulation
  • Inhibited by ↓blood glucose, glucagon, somatostatin, hypokalemia, and catecholine (see table 48-4 pg 1207)
  • Enhances glucose incorperation into glycogen and triglycerides by altering enzyme activity and inhibiting gluconeogenesis.
Term

 

Islets of Langerhans

Delta Cells

Definition

 

produce and secrete somatostatin

  • inhibits the release of glucagon and insulin
Term

 

Islets of Langerhans

F Cells

Definition

 

  • secretes pancreatic polypeptide
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